scholarly journals Mechanisms of Fetal Programming in Hypertension

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Edward Jones ◽  
Julie A. Jurgens ◽  
Sarah A. Evans ◽  
Riley C. Ennis ◽  
Van Anthony M. Villar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Programming ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Fetal Survival ◽  
Nephron Endowment ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Events that occur in the early fetal environment have been linked to long-term health and lifespan consequences in the adult. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which may occur as a result of nutrient insufficiency, exposure to hormones, or disruptions in placental structure or function, may induce the fetus to alter its developmental program in order to adapt to the new conditions. IUGR may result in a decrease in the expression of genes that are responsible for nephrogenesis as nutrients are rerouted to the development of more essential organs. Fetal survival under these conditions often results in low birth weight and a deficit in nephron endowment, which are associated with hypertension in adults. Interestingly, male IUGR offspring appear to be more severely affected than females, suggesting that sex hormones may be involved. The processes of fetal programming of hypertension are complex, and we are only beginning to understand the underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Low Birth Weight due to Intrauterine Growth Restriction and/or Preterm Birth: Effects on Nephron Number and Long-Term Renal Health

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislava Zohdi ◽  
Megan R. Sutherland ◽  
Kyungjoon Lim ◽  
Lina Gubhaju ◽  
Monika A. Zimanyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Nephron Endowment

Epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated a strong association between low birth weight and long-term renal disease. A potential mediator of this long-term risk is a reduction in nephron endowment in the low birth weight infant at the beginning of life. Importantly, nephrons are only formed early in life; during normal gestation, nephrogenesis is complete by about 32–36 weeks, with no new nephrons formed after this time during the lifetime of the individual. Hence, given that a loss of a critical number of nephrons is the hallmark of renal disease, an increased severity and acceleration of renal disease is likely when the number of nephrons is already reduced prior to disease onset. Low birth weight can result from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or preterm birth; a high proportion of babies born prematurely also exhibit IUGR. In this paper, we describe how IUGR and preterm birth adversely impact on nephrogenesis and how a subsequent reduced nephron endowment at the beginning of life may lead to long-term risk of renal disease, but not necessarily hypertension.

Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronny Geva
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Uteroplacental Blood Flow ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Health Organization

Recent data shows that 30 million low-birth-weight (LBW) infants are born annually worldwide (23.8% of all births). Although the global prevalence of such births is gradually decreasing, rates are still as high as 30% in many developing countries (World Health Organization 2008). Low birth weight is due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), rather than or in addition to prematurity, in approximately one-third of these cases. This staggering number of affected children underscores the importance of understanding the short- and long-term cognitive and behavioral complications of IUGR. Intrauterine growth restriction conveys short- and long-term neurodevelopmental risks and thus requires costly long-term investment of medical, cognitive emotional, educational, and economical resources. Nevertheless, if treated aggressively, IUGR more often than not bears a fairly optimistic outlook, once the infant overcomes the initial life-threatening issues (Geva et al. 2006a). Intrauterine growth restriction is frequently detected in a pregnancy with a less-than-expected third trimester weight gain (100–200 g [3.5–7 oz] per week) or as an incidental finding on ultrasound examination when fetal measurements are less than expected for gestational age (GA; Geva et al. 2005). An estimated fetal weight under the 10th percentile, as determined by serial ultrasound examination, strongly correlates with growth restriction (Bernstein and Gabbe 1996; McCormick 1985). The etiologies of IUGR are typically thought of according to three interdependent categories: fetal factors, placental factors, and maternal factors (Kay 2008). Fetal factors include chromosomal events, such as trisomy 18 and 13 and sex chromosome abnormalities, which account for 5%–15% of all IUGR cases. Further exploration of genetic factors is currently under way, with mixed results (Kotzot et al. 2001). Other fetal factors linked to IUGR include congenital anomalies, mostly cardiovascular malformations, gastroschisis and omphalocele; infection, often related to rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis (see Chapter 25); and multiple gestations, in which uteroplacental blood flow variations and/or twin–twin transfusion develops (Miller et al. 2008). Fetal villus circulation abnormalities are placental factors related to IUGR (Roberts and Post 2008).

Pregnancy loss and antiphospholipid antibodies

Lupus ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Lockshin
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Fetal Survival ◽  
Low Dose Heparin ◽  
Repeated Pregnancy Loss

With the use of low-dose heparin, fetal survival of aPL pregnancies is 70-80%, but prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction are common. It is likely, but not proven, that dysregulated placental coagulation and resultant vasculopathy are the cause of fetal loss. Details of dysregulated coagulation remain to be described. Opportunities remain to determine the role of coagulopathy in repeated pregnancy loss, identify a critical event or window to which intervention might be directed, identify maternal (and fetal) characteristics other than aPL that determine fetal loss, describe toxicity profiles of current treatments, develop more specific, less toxic therapies, and describe long-term fetal and maternal outcomes.

Intrauterine Growth Restriction Alters the Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiles in Small Intestine, Liver and Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Newborn Piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 713-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyu Tao ◽  
Tianjiao Zhou ◽  
Perot Saelao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Yuhua Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major problem in swine production since the associated low birth weight leads to high rates of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality, and permanent retardation of growth and development. The underlying regulatory mechanisms from the aspects of epigenetic modification has received widespread attention. Studies explore the changes in genome wide methylation in small intestine (SI), liver and longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) between IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) newborn piglets using a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (MeDIP-Seq) approach. The data demonstrated that methylated peaks were prominently distributed in distal intergenic regions and the quantities of peaks in IUGR piglets were more than that of NBW piglets. IUGR piglets had relatively high methylated level in promoters, introns and coding exons in all the three tissues. Through KEGG pathway analysis of differentially methylated genes found that 33, 54 and 5 differentially methylated genes in small intestine, liver and longissimus dorsi muscle between NBW and IUGR piglets, respectively, which are related to development and differentiation, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein turnover, immune response, detoxification, oxidative stress and apoptosis pathway. The objective of this review is to assess the impact of differentially methylation status on developmental delay, metabolic disorders and immune deficiency of IUGR piglets.

Strategies for intra-amniotic administration of fetal therapy in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110035
Author(s):  
Mari Kinoshita ◽  
Fàtima Crispi ◽  
Carla Loreiro ◽  
Eduard Gratacós ◽  
Míriam Illa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Osmotic Pump ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Technical Failure ◽  
Fetal Therapy ◽  
Amniotic Cavity ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Fetal Survival

Intrauterine growth restriction affects up to 10% of all pregnancies, leading to fetal programming with detrimental consequences for lifelong health. However, no therapeutic strategies have so far been effective to ameliorate these consequences. Our previous study has demonstrated that a single dose of nutrients administered into the amniotic cavity, bypassing the often dysfunctional placenta via intra-amniotic administration, improved survival at birth but not birthweight in an intrauterine growth restriction rabbit model. The aim of this study was to further develop an effective strategy for intra-amniotic fetal therapy in an animal model. Intrauterine growth restriction was induced by selective ligation of uteroplacental vessels on one uterine horn of pregnant rabbits at gestational day 25, and fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on GD30. During the five days of intrauterine growth restriction development, three different methods of intra-amniotic administration were used: continuous intra-amniotic infusion by osmotic pump, multiple intra-amniotic injections, and single fetal intraperitoneal injection. Technical feasibility, capability to systematically reach the fetus, and survival and birthweight of the derived offspring were evaluated for each technique. Continuous intra-amniotic infusion by osmotic pump was not feasible owing to the high occurrence of catheter displacement and amnion rupture, while methods using two intra-amniotic injections and one fetal intraperitoneal injection were technically feasible but compromised fetal survival. Taking into account all the numerous factors affecting intra-amniotic fetal therapy in the intrauterine growth restriction rabbit model, we conclude that an optimal therapeutic strategy with low technical failure and positive fetal impact on both survival and birthweight still needs to be found.

scholarly journals Intrauterine Growth Restriction and the Fetal Programming of the Hedonic Response to Sweet Taste in Newborn Infants

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Ayres ◽  
Marilyn Agranonik ◽  
André Krumel Portella ◽  
Françoise Filion ◽  
Celeste C. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Fetal Programming ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Sweet Solution ◽  
Increased Risk

Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with increased risk for adult metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, which seems to be related to altered food preferences in these individuals later in life. In this study, we sought to understand whether intrauterine growth leads to fetal programming of the hedonic responses to sweet. Sixteen 1-day-old preterm infants received 24% sucrose solution or water and the taste reactivity was filmed and analyzed. Spearman correlation demonstrated a positive correlation between fetal growth and the hedonic response to the sweet solution in the first 15 seconds after the offer (r=0.864,P=0.001), without correlation when the solution given is water (r=0.314,P=0.455). In fact, the more intense the intrauterine growth restriction, the lower the frequency of the hedonic response observed. IUGR is strongly correlated with the hedonic response to a sweet solution in the first day of life in preterm infants. This is the first evidence in humans to demonstrate that the hedonic response to sweet taste is programmed very early during the fetal life by the degree of intrauterine growth. The altered hedonic response at birth and subsequent differential food preference may contribute to the increased risk of obesity and related disorders in adulthood in intrauterine growth-restricted individuals.

scholarly journals The Long-term impact of intrauterine growth restriction in a diverse US cohort of children: The EPOCH study

Obesity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 608-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa L. Crume ◽  
Ann Scherzinger ◽  
Elizabeth Stamm ◽  
Robert McDuffie ◽  
Kimberly J. Bischoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Long Term Impact

scholarly journals Physical activity during pregnancy and fetal outcomes: a case-control study

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Yuri Takito ◽  
Maria Helena D'Aquino Benício
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
P Value ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Control Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between physical activity during the second trimester pregnancy and low birth weight, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. METHODS: Case-control study including 273 low birth weight newborns and 546 controls carried out in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2005. Low birth weight cases were grouped into two subsamples: preterm birth (n=117) and intrauterine growth restriction (n=134), with their related controls. Information was collected by means of interviews with mothers shortly after birth and transcription of medical records. Data were analyzed using conditional multiple and hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS: Light physical activity for over 7 hours per day was shown to be protective against low birth weight (adjusted OR=0.61; 95% CI 0.39-0.94) with a dose-response relationship (p-value for trend=0.026). A similar trend was found for intrauterine growth restriction (adjusted OR=0.51; 95% CI 0.26-0.97). Homemaking activities were associated as a protective factor for both low birth weight and preterm birth (p-value for trend=0.013 and 0.035, respectively). Leisure-time walking was found to be protective against preterm birth. CONCLUSIONS: Mild physical activity during the second trimester of pregnancy such as walking has an independent protective effect on low birth weight, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction.

Civil unrest linked to intrauterine growth restriction in western Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 370-373
Author(s):  
E. Dybjer ◽  
J. Linvik ◽  
P. M. Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Civil Unrest ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Control Hospital ◽  
Mount Elgon

Risk factors associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have previously been identified, but few studies have described the relationship between IUGR and maternal stress caused by exposure to civil unrest. Here, we investigate this relationship during the Mount Elgon crisis in western Kenya between 2006 and 2008, following a period of violence. Birth weight data were compared between three hospitals in an exposed area, Mount Elgon (n=570), and one hospital in a control area, Kimilili (n=530). In a sub-analysis, the most stress exposed hospital, Bungoma West (n=211), was compared with the control hospital in Kimilili. Adjustments were made for offspring sex, gestational age and parity. The difference in mean birth weight between the most stress-exposed hospital (Bungoma West) and the control hospital (Kimilili) was 91 g after full adjustment (P=0.041). In conclusion, epidemiological data suggest a significant relationship between exposure to civil unrest and IUGR causing lower birth weight.

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