scholarly journals Effect of Plant Characteristics and Within-Plant Distribution of Prey on Colonization Efficiency ofCryptolaemus montrouzieri(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folukemi Adedipe ◽  
Yong-Lak Park
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri ◽  
Pseudococcus Longispinus ◽  
Inundative Biological Control ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Plant Characteristics

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has been widely used in classical and inundative biological control of mealybugs, including the long-tailed mealybug,Pseudococcus longispinus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). This study was conducted to investigate colonization and establishment efficiency ofC. montrouzierito manageP. longispinuson three different ornamental plant species (Ficus elastica, Lilium longiflorum, andDieffenbachia seguine). Within-plant distribution pattern ofP. longispinusand the colonization ecology of adultC. montrouzieriwere investigated. Significantly moreP. longispinuswere found on the upper parts of the plants regardless of plant species, andC. montrouzieriadults discoveredP. longispinussignificantly faster when they were released on the top of the plants than on the bottom. Choice tests revealed thatC. montrouzieriadults preferred smallerP. longispinusnymphs. The implications for utilization ofC. montrouzierifor biological control of mealybugs on various ornamental plants are discussed.

Ovipositional Preference and Distribution of Eggs in Selected Field and Vegetable Crops by Nabis roseipennis (Hemiptera: Nabidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Pfannenstiel ◽  
K. V. Yeargan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Nabis Roseipennis ◽  
Ovipositional Preference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Predator Abundance

Hemipteran predator abundance varies significantly among crop species. Ovipositional preference by these predators for specific crops may help explain differences in predator abundance among crops. Ovipositional preferences of Nabis roseipennis Reuter between a preferred standard (soybean) and four crops (corn, tomato, tobacco and squash) were determined in paired-choice tests under greenhouse conditions. Significantly more eggs or egg groups were found in soybean than in corn and tomato. Squash was the only plant preferred for oviposition over soybean. Within-plant distribution of eggs varied among plant species and appeared to be independent of prey distribution. The specific site chosen for oviposition in each plant species apparently was determined by plant physical characteristics, possibly including rind toughness and, for tomato and tobacco, glandular trichome presence and age. Patterns of ovipositional preference were similar to previous observations of field abundance and may be partially responsible for those patterns.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Diversity on Forest Plant Species Abundance: A Case Study from Central-European Highlands

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Pavel Samec ◽  
Jiří Volánek ◽  
Miloš Kučera ◽  
Pavel Cudlín
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Soil Diversity ◽  
Abiotic Environment ◽  
Soil Group ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Forest Distribution

Plant distribution is most closely associated with the abiotic environment. The abiotic environment affects plant species’ abundancy unevenly. The asymmetry is further deviated by human interventions. Contrarily, soil properties preserve environmental influences from the anthropogenic perturbations. The study examined the supra-regional similarities of soil effects on plant species’ abundance in temperate forests to determine: (i) spatial relationships between soil property and forest-plant diversity among geographical regions; (ii) whether the spatial dependencies among compared forest-diversity components are influenced by natural forest representation. The spatial dependence was assessed using geographically weighted regression (GWR) of soil properties and plant species abundance from forest stands among 91 biogeographical regions in the Czech Republic (Central Europe). Regional soil properties and plant species abundance were acquired from 7550 national forest inventory plots positioned in a 4 × 4 km grid. The effect of natural forests was assessed using linear regression between the sums of squared GWR residues and protected forest distribution in the regions. Total diversity of forest plants is significantly dependent on soil-group representation. The soil-group effect is more significant than that of bedrock bodies, most of all in biogeographical regions with protected forest representation >50%. Effects of soil chemical properties were not affected by protected forest distribution. Spatial dependency analysis separated biogeographical regions of optimal forest plant diversity from those where inadequate forest-ecosystem diversity should be increased alongside soil diversity.

Potential displacement of the native Tenuisvalvae notata by the invasive Cryptolaemus montrouzieri in South America suggested by differences in climate suitability

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Larissa F. Ferreira ◽  
Christian S. A. Silva-Torres ◽  
Jorge B. Torres ◽  
Robert C. Venette
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
South America ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Ladybird Beetle ◽  
Ecoclimatic Index ◽  
Climate Suitability

Abstract Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) is a predatory ladybird beetle native to South America. It specializes in mealybugs prey (Pseudococcidae), but relatively little is known about its ecology. In contrast, the ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coccinellidae) is indigenous to Australia and has been introduced to many countries worldwide including Brazil for biological control of mealybugs. The potential impacts of these introductions to native coccinellids have rarely been considered. The software CLIMEX estimated the climate suitability for both species as reflected in the Ecoclimatic Index (EI). Much of South America, Africa, and Australia can be considered climatically suitable for both species, but in most cases, the climate is considerably more favorable for C. montrouzieri than T. notata, especially in South America. The CLIMEX model also suggests seasonal differences in growth conditions (e.g. rainfall and temperature) that could affect the phenology of both species. These models suggest that few locations in South America would be expected to provide T. notata climatic refugia from C. montrouzieri. Although other ecological factors will also be important, such as prey availability, this analysis suggests a strong potential for displacement of a native coccinellid throughout most of its range as a consequence of the invasion by an alien competitor.

scholarly journals Biological and Host Range Characteristics of Lysathia flavipes (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a Candidate Biological Control Agent of Invasive Ludwigia spp. (Onagraceae) in the USA

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Angelica M. Reddy ◽  
Paul D. Pratt ◽  
Brenda J. Grewell ◽  
Nathan E. Harms ◽  
Ximena Cibils-Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Exotic water primroses (Ludwigia spp.) are aggressive invaders in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. To date, management of exotic Ludwigia spp. has been limited to physical and chemical control methods. Biological control provides an alternative approach for the management of invasive Ludwigia spp. but little is known regarding the natural enemies of these exotic plants. Herein the biology and host range of Lysathia flavipes (Boheman), a herbivorous beetle associated with Ludwigia spp. in Argentina and Uruguay, was studied to determine its suitability as a biocontrol agent for multiple closely related target weeds in the USA. The beetle matures from egg to adult in 19.9 ± 1.4 days at 25 °C; females lived 86.3 ± 35.6 days and laid 1510.6 ± 543.4 eggs over their lifespans. No-choice development and oviposition tests were conducted using four Ludwigia species and seven native plant species. Lysathia flavipes showed little discrimination between plant species: larvae aggressively fed and completed development, and the resulting females (F1 generation) oviposited viable eggs on most plant species regardless of origin. These results indicate that L. flavipes is not sufficiently host-specific for further consideration as a biocontrol agent of exotic Ludwigia spp. in the USA and further testing is not warranted.

Contrasting research approaches to managing mistletoes in commercial forests and wooded pasturesThis minireview is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005.

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Reid ◽  
Simon F. Shamoun
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Inundative Biological Control

Many mistletoe species are pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems throughout the world. Mistletoes are unusual “weeds” as they are generally endemic to areas where they achieve pest status and, therefore, classical biological control and broad-scale herbicidal control are usually impractical. In North American coniferous forests, dwarf mistletoe ( Arceuthobium spp.) infection results in major commercial losses and poses a public liability in recreation settings. Hyperparasitic fungi have potential as biological control agents of dwarf mistletoe, including species which attack shoots, berries, and the endophytic systems of dwarf mistletoe. Development of an inundative biological control strategy will be useful in situations where traditional silvicultural control is impractical or undesirable. In southern Australia, farm eucalypts are often attacked and killed by mistletoes ( Amyema spp.) in grazed landscapes where tree decline and biodiversity loss are major forms of land degradation. Although long-term strategies to achieve a balance between mistletoe and host abundance are promoted, many graziers want short-term options to treat severely infected trees. Recent research has revisited the efficiency and efficacy of silvicultural treatments and selective herbicides in appropriate situations. The results of recent research on these diverse management strategies in North America and Australia are summarized.

Comparison of the Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Phosphine and Ethyl Formate for Controlling Pseudococcus longispinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Pseudococcus orchidicola on Imported Foliage Nursery Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2149-2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yejin Kyung ◽  
Hyun Kyung Kim ◽  
Sung Woo Cho ◽  
Bong-Su Kim ◽  
Jeong-Oh Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Sorption Rate ◽  
Pseudococcus Longispinus ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
Fumigation Chamber ◽  
Nursery Plant ◽  
Schefflera Arboricola

Abstract The fumigation activity of phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) and their phytotoxicity to 13 imported foliage nursery plant species were evaluated. The lethal concentration and time (LCT99) values of the PH3 indicated that the susceptibility of the nymphs (3.95 and <0.45 mg·h/liter, respectively) was higher than that of the adults (5.29 and 3.66 mg·h/liter, respectively) of two mealybugs [Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) and P. orchidicola Takahashi]. The highest concentration reduction rate of PH3 and EF on the 13 foliage nursery plants in the 12-liter desiccator was 41.5% for Heteropanax fragrans and 71.7% for Schefflera arboricola, respectively, which indicates that PH3 has a lower sorption rate than EF. The phytotoxicities of PH3-treated foliage nursery plants did not significantly differ from those of the nontreated plants, but EF caused phytotoxicity in 11 foliage nursery plants a week after treatment. When the exposure time of PH3 increased to 24 h, the adults and nymphs of both mealybug species showed 100% mortality in the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber. In the 10 m3 fumigation container used in the field, there was 100% mortality of both mealybugs after treatment with 2 g/m3 PH3 for 24 h at 16°C. These results indicate that EF is not a suitable mealybug fumigant due to its high sorption and phytotoxicity to foliage nursery plants, despite fumigation activity against the two species. However, PH3 seems to be suitable for mealybug fumigation in foliage nursery plants and can be used as a substitute for methyl bromide.

Five decades of research on phytoplasma-induced witches' broom diseases.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (002) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chamran Hemmati
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Broom Disease

Abstract Phytoplasmas, prokaryotic wall-less microorganisms, are important pathogens of several plant species in most parts of the world. Phytoplasmas have been reported associated with various symptoms on hundreds of plant species. Witches' broom disease (WBD) is one of the most common disease symptoms, which is caused by phytoplasma strains belonging to different phytoplasma groups. Symptoms of the disease differ from one host to the other as well as from one phytoplasma strain to the other. However, WBD symptoms are usually characterized by the production of a large number of small leaves, accompanied in some host plants by the production of several branches/shoots. Phytoplasma strains belonging to more than 13 groups and 39 subgroups have been reported associated with WBD in more than 116 plant species. Most of the phytoplasma strains causing WBD symptoms in plant species belong to the 16SrII and 16SrI groups, mainly 16SrII-D and 16SrI-B subgroups. The current review provides information on the different types of phytoplasma strains associated with WBD symptoms in ornamental plants, medicinal plants, forest trees, weeds, vegetable crops, field crops, and fruit trees. Emphasis is on WBD on acid limes, almonds, peanuts, jujube, and cassava that have resulted in significant economic losses in different countries. Description of the symptoms, phytoplasma groups, and management options is also provided for some of the diseases.

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