On-farm evaluation of inundative biological control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in three European maize-producing regions

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaka Razinger ◽  
Vasileios P Vasileiadis ◽  
Marion Giraud ◽  
Wim van Dijk ◽  
Špela Modic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
Trichogramma Brassicae ◽  
Inundative Biological Control ◽  
European Maize ◽  
On Farm

Thermosensibilité des lignées germinales de Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera). Conséquences sur l'efficacité du parasitoïde

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chihrane ◽  
G. Laugé
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Trichogramma Brassicae ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Trichogramma Brassicae Bezdenko

Trichogramma brassicae, a parasitoid used in the biological control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, becomes less effective if certain thermal conditions prevail at the time of its release. A laboratory study demonstrated that the generation liberated in the field had reduced fecundity and that the proportion of females was lower in the following generation. These results prompted us to examine the germ lines of the parasitoid. Exposure to a temperature of 35 °C at the white nymph stage does not affect ovarian function, but exposure to 44 °C does: the number of mature ovocytes at emergence is lower than that observed in controls; certain ovaries are abnormal or remain juvenile. At the time of emergence, the seminal vesicles of male controls contain large numbers of typical sperm and a few atypical sperm, the latter becoming more numerous in males exposed to 35 °C. After exposure to 44 °C, vesicles contain only a few sperm or are completely empty. Since T. brassicae is an arrhenotokous parthenogenetic species (unfertilized eggs become males), these observations explain the reduced number of females in the second generation.[Journal translation]

Contrasting research approaches to managing mistletoes in commercial forests and wooded pasturesThis minireview is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005.

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Reid ◽  
Simon F. Shamoun
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Inundative Biological Control

Many mistletoe species are pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems throughout the world. Mistletoes are unusual “weeds” as they are generally endemic to areas where they achieve pest status and, therefore, classical biological control and broad-scale herbicidal control are usually impractical. In North American coniferous forests, dwarf mistletoe ( Arceuthobium spp.) infection results in major commercial losses and poses a public liability in recreation settings. Hyperparasitic fungi have potential as biological control agents of dwarf mistletoe, including species which attack shoots, berries, and the endophytic systems of dwarf mistletoe. Development of an inundative biological control strategy will be useful in situations where traditional silvicultural control is impractical or undesirable. In southern Australia, farm eucalypts are often attacked and killed by mistletoes ( Amyema spp.) in grazed landscapes where tree decline and biodiversity loss are major forms of land degradation. Although long-term strategies to achieve a balance between mistletoe and host abundance are promoted, many graziers want short-term options to treat severely infected trees. Recent research has revisited the efficiency and efficacy of silvicultural treatments and selective herbicides in appropriate situations. The results of recent research on these diverse management strategies in North America and Australia are summarized.

scholarly journals Hybrid Genome Assembly and Evidence-Based Annotation of the Egg Parasitoid and Biological Control Agent Trichogramma brassicae

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3533-3540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim B. Ferguson ◽  
Tore Kursch-Metz ◽  
Eveline C. Verhulst ◽  
Bart A. Pannebakker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Trichogramma Brassicae ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Hybrid Genome ◽  
Essential Resource

Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) are egg parasitoids that are used throughout the world as biological control agents and in laboratories as model species. Despite this ubiquity, few genetic resources exist beyond COI, ITS2, and RAPD markers. Aided by a Wolbachia infection, a wild-caught strain from Germany was reared for low heterozygosity and sequenced in a hybrid de novo strategy, after which several assembling strategies were evaluated. The best assembly, derived from a DBG2OLC-based pipeline, yielded a genome of 235 Mbp made up of 1,572 contigs with an N50 of 556,663 bp. Following a rigorous ab initio-, homology-, and evidence-based annotation, 16,905 genes were annotated and functionally described. As an example of the utility of the genome, a simple ortholog cluster analysis was performed with sister species T. pretiosum, revealing over 6000 shared clusters and under 400 clusters unique to each species. The genome and transcriptome presented here provides an essential resource for comparative genomics of the commercially relevant genus Trichogramma, but also for research into molecular evolution, ecology, and breeding of T. brassicae.

On-farm biological control of the pearl millet head miner: realization of 35 years of unsteady progress in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Payne ◽  
Hamado Tapsoba ◽  
Ibrahim B. Baoua ◽  
Ba N. Malick ◽  
Mamadou N'Diaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Millet Head Miner

Sustainability, conservation tillage and weeds in Canada

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Derksen ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
S. M. Boyetchko
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Biological Weed Control ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Inundative Biological Control

The sustainability of conservation tillage is dependent on the extent of changes in weed community composition, the usage of herbicides, and the development of integrated weed management (IWM) strategies, including biological weed control. The objective of this paper is to review research on conservation tillage and weed management in light of these factors. Recent Canadian research has found that changes in weed communities due to the adoption of conservation tillage are not necessarily those expected and were not consistant by species, location, or year. Changes reflected the use of different selection pressures, such as different crop rotations and herbicides, within the studies to a greater extent than weed life cycle groupings. Therefore, research that determines the reasons for change or the lack of change in weed communities is required to provide the scientific basis for the development of IWM strategies. Documented herbicide usage in conservation tillage varies from less than to more than conventional-tillage systems. Potential to reduce herbicide usage in conservation-tillage systems exists. Furthermore, the herbicides used in western Canada are different from those causing ground water contamination in the United States, are less volatile, and are used at lower rates. The presence of surface crop residues in conservation tillage may provide a unique environment for classical and inundative biological control agents. Some insects, fungi, and bacteria have the potential to survive to a greater extent in undisturbed plant residues. Residue management and conservation tillage systems are evolving in Canada. Research must keep pace by providing weed management strategies that enchance the sustainability of these systems. Key words: Biological control, zero tillage, integrated weed management, residues, herbicides, rhizobacteria.

scholarly journals Hybrid genome assembly and evidence-based annotation of the egg parasitoid and biological control agent Trichogramma brassicae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Ferguson ◽  
T. Kursch-Metz ◽  
E. C. Verhulst ◽  
B. A. Pannebakker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Trichogramma Brassicae ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Hybrid Genome ◽  
Essential Resource

ABSTRACTTrichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) are egg parasitoids that are used throughout the world as biological control agents and in laboratories as model species. Despite this ubiquity, few genetic resources exist beyond COI, ITS2, and RAPD markers. Aided by a Wolbachia infection, a wild-caught strain from Germany was reared for low heterozygosity and sequenced in a hybrid de novo strategy, after which several assembling strategies were evaluated. The best assembly, derived from a DBG2OLC-based pipeline, yielded a genome of 235 Mbp made up of 1,572 contigs with an N50 of 556,663 bp. Following a rigorous ab initio-, homology-, and evidence-based annotation, 16,905 genes were annotated and functionally described. As an example of the utility of the genome, a simple ortholog cluster analysis was performed with sister species T. pretiosum, revealing over 6000 shared clusters and under 400 clusters unique to each species. The genome and transcriptome presented here provides an essential resource for comparative genomics of the commercially relevant genus Trichogramma, but also for research into molecular evolution, ecology, and breeding of T. brassicae.

scholarly journals Principles of Biological Weed Control

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 750D-750
Author(s):  
Susan M. Boyetchko
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Biological Weed Control ◽  
Weed Biocontrol ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Inundative Biological Control ◽  
High Concentrations

Weeds continue to have a tremendous impact on crop yield losses in Canada and the United States, despite efforts to control them with chemicals. Biological control offers an additional means for reducing weed populations while reducing the reliance of the agri-food industry on chemical pesticides. Effective biological strategies that are compatible with good soil conservation practices would benefit farmers while maintaining environmental quality and a sustained production for the future. Inundative biological control of weeds with microbial agents involves the mass production and application of high concentrations of a plant pathogen to a target weed. Historically, biocontrol agents used on weeds have been foliar fungal pathogens. More recently, the soil has become a source for microorganisms, such as rhizobacteria, for development as biological control agents. Several naturally occurring rhizobacteria have weed suppressive properties, where growth and development of weeds such as downy brome, wild oats, leafy spurge, and green foxtail are significantly inhibited. Although the focus in weed biocontrol has been on the eradication of weeds, rhizobacteria may be used to improve seedling establishment of the crop by reducing the weed competition. This can be achieved through a reduction in weed growth, vigor, and reproductive capacity and improvement in the ability of the crop to compete with the weed. Current research in weed biocontrol with microorganisms and its application to weed management systems will be discussed.

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