scholarly journals Herbal Extracts Combination (WNK) Prevents Decline in Spatial Learning and Memory in APP/PS1 Mice through Improvement of Hippocampal AβPlaque Formation, Histopathology, and Ultrastructure

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-hong Cong ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Xiao-xia Dong ◽  
Li-song Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Plaque Burden ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Probe Test

To investigate the cognitive enhancement effect of WNK, an extracts combination ofP. ginseng,  G. biloba, andC. sativusL. and possible mechanisms, 5-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were used in this study. After 3 months of administration, all mice received Morris water maze (MWM) training and a probe test. Mouse brain sections were detected by immunohistochemistry, HE staining, and transmission electron microscopy. MWM results showed significant difference between transgenic mice and nontransgenic littermates (P<0.05,P<0.01). WNK-treated mice exhibited enhanced maze performance over the training progression, especially better spatial memory retention in probe test compared to transgenic mice (P<0.05,P<0.01) and better spatial learning and memory at the fourth day of MWM test compared to EGB761- (G. bilobaextract-) treated ones (P<0.05). Hippocampal Aβplaque burden significantly differed between APP/PS1 and littermate mice (P<0.001), while decreased Aβplaque appeared in WNK- or EGB761-treated transgenic brains (P<0.05). Neurodegenerative changes were evident from light microscopic and ultrastructural observations in transgenic brains, which were improved by WNK or EGB761 treatment. These data indicate WNK can reduce the decline in spatial cognition, which might be due to its effects on reducing Aβplaque formation and ameliorating histopathology and ultrastructure in hippocampus of APP/PS1 mouse brain.

scholarly journals Nrf2 Ablation Promotes Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Pathology in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice: The Role of Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Peng Ren ◽  
Jingwei Chen ◽  
Bingxuan Li ◽  
Mengzhou Zhang ◽  
Bei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Qrt Pcr

Introduction. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Accumulating evidence has revealed that the slow progressive deterioration of AD is associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in the brain. Nuclear factor erythroid 2- (NF-E2-) related factor 2 (Nrf2), which acts through the Nrf2/ARE pathway, is a key regulator of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response. Although recent data show a link between Nrf2 and AD-related cognitive decline, the mechanism is still unknown. Thus, we explored how Nrf2 protects brain cells against the oxidative stress and inflammation of AD in a mouse model of AD (APP/PS1 transgenic (AT) mice) with genetic removal of Nrf2. Methods. The spatial learning and memory abilities of 12-month-old transgenic mice were evaluated using a Morris water maze test. Hippocampal levels of Nrf2, Aβ, and p-tauS404 and of astrocytes and microglia were determined by immunostaining. Inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Oxidative stress was measured by 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine immunohistochemistry, and the antioxidant response was determined by qRT-PCR. Results. The spatial learning and memory abilities of AT mice were impaired after Nrf2 deletion. Aβ and p-tauS404 accumulation was increased in the hippocampus of AT/Nrf2-KO mice. Astroglial and microglial activation was exacerbated, followed by upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Conclusion. Our present results show that Nrf2 deficiency aggravates AD-like pathology in AT mice. This phenotype was associated with increased levels of oxidative and proinflammatory markers, which suggests that the Nrf2 pathway may be a promising therapeutic target for AD.

scholarly journals Modulation of Cognition: The Role of Gnidia glauca on Spatial Learning and Memory Retention in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Wycliffe Makori Arika ◽  
Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti ◽  
Joan Murugi Njagi ◽  
Mathew Piero Ngugi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Obesity Index ◽  
Obese Rats

Chronic exposures to high-fat diets are linked to neuropathological changes that culminate in obesity-related cognitive dysfunction and brain alteration. Learning, memory performance, and executive function are the main domains affected by an obesogenic diet. There are limited effective therapies for addressing cognitive deficits. Thus, it is important to identify additional and alternative therapies. In African traditional medicine, Gnidia glauca has putative efficacy in the management of obesity and associated complications. The use of Gnidia glauca is largely based on its long-term traditional use. Its therapeutic application has not been accompanied by sufficient scientific evaluation to validate its use. Therefore, the current study sought to explore the modulatory effects of dichloromethane leaf extracts of Gnidia glauca on cognitive function in the high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obese rats. Obesity was induced by feeding the rats with prepared HFD and water ad libitum for 6 weeks. The in vivo antiobesity effects were determined by oral administration of G. glauca at dosage levels of 200, 250, and 300 mg/kg body weight in HFD-induced obese rats from the 6th to the 12th weeks. The Lee obesity index was used as a diagnostic criterion of obesity. The Morris water maze was employed to test spatial learning and memory retention in rats. The results indicated that Gnidia glauca showed potent antiobesity effects as indicated in the reduction of body weight and obesity index in extract-treated rats. Moreover, Gnidia glauca exhibited cognitive-enhancing effects in obese rats. The positive influences on cognitive functions might be attributed to the extracts’ phytochemicals that have been suggested to confer protection against obesity-induced oxidative damage, reduction of central inflammation, and increased neurogenesis. The therapeutic effects observed suggest that Gnidia glauca might be an alternative to current medications for the symptomatic complications of obesity, such as learning and memory loss. Further studies are therefore needed to establish its toxicity profiles.

Associative and spatial learning and memory deficits in transgenic mice overexpressing the RNA-binding protein HuD

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Bolognani ◽  
Shenfeng Qiu ◽  
Daniel C. Tanner ◽  
Jiae Paik ◽  
Nora I. Perrone-Bizzozero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Rna Binding Protein ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Learning And Memory Deficits
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