scholarly journals From Spinal Central Pattern Generators to Cortical Network: Integrated BCI for Walking Rehabilitation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cheron ◽  
M. Duvinage ◽  
C. De Saedeleer ◽  
T. Castermans ◽  
A. Bengoetxea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Walking Rehabilitation ◽  
Locomotor Patterns ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Success in locomotor rehabilitation programs can be improved with the use of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Although a wealth of research has demonstrated that locomotion is largely controlled by spinal mechanisms, the brain is of utmost importance in monitoring locomotor patterns and therefore contains information regarding central pattern generation functioning. In addition, there is also a tight coordination between the upper and lower limbs, which can also be useful in controlling locomotion. The current paper critically investigates different approaches that are applicable to this field: the use of electroencephalogram (EEG), upper limb electromyogram (EMG), or a hybrid of the two neurophysiological signals to control assistive exoskeletons used in locomotion based on programmable central pattern generators (PCPGs) or dynamic recurrent neural networks (DRNNs). Plantar surface tactile stimulation devices combined with virtual reality may provide the sensation of walking while in a supine position for use of training brain signals generated during locomotion. These methods may exploit mechanisms of brain plasticity and assist in the neurorehabilitation of gait in a variety of clinical conditions, including stroke, spinal trauma, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy.

Rhythmic Pattern Generation in Invertebrates

2018 ◽  
pp. 390-400
Author(s):  
Astrid A. Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Timing Circuit ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Pattern Generators

This chapter begins by defining central pattern generators (CPGs) and proceeds to focus on one of their core components, the timing circuit. After arguing why invertebrate CPGs are particularly useful for the study of neuronal circuit operation in general, the bulk of the chapter then describes basic mechanisms of CPG operation at the cellular, synaptic, and network levels, and how different CPGs combine these mechanisms in various ways. Finally, the chapter takes a semihistorical perspective to discuss whether or not the study of invertebrate CPGs has seen its prime and what it has contributed—and may continue to offer—to a wider understanding of neuronal circuits in general.

Correlated and uncorrelated high-frequency oscillations in phrenic and recurrent laryngeal neurograms

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1188-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Motor Outputs ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
40 Hz

1. Power spectral analysis of phrenic and recurrent laryngeal (or efferent vagal) inspiratory discharge activity from anesthetized cats revealed a peak within the 60- to 110-Hz range in all spectra, plus a peak within the 40- to 60-Hz range in the laryngeal (and efferent vagal) spectra, and a peak less than 40 Hz in the phrenic spectra. 2. A 60- to 110-Hz peak was present in coherence spectra between the left and right phrenic neurograms, the left and right recurrent laryngeal (and efferent vagal) neurograms, and all combinations of phrenic-laryngeal (and phrenic-efferent vagal) pairs. It is concluded that the nearly-periodic oscillations represented by these peaks arise from a single source that projects functionally in parallel to many respiratory motor outputs. This source may be part of, or interact with, respiratory central pattern generation. 3. The 40- to 60-Hz oscillations in left and right recurrent laryngeal (and efferent vagal) neurograms were uncorrelated or occasionally were very weakly correlated. Thus it is unlikely that these oscillations arise from a common source such as a second respiratory central pattern generator. 4. The oscillations less than 40 Hz were weakly correlated between left and right phrenic neurograms. This correlation may be due substantially to spinal crossed-phrenic pathways. 5. It is proposed that both the 40- to 60-Hz oscillations in recurrent laryngeal neurograms and the oscillations below 40 Hz in phrenic neurograms originate in neural circuits associated with individual left or right recurrent laryngeal or phrenic motor outputs. 6. Our results do not support the interpretation that multiple peaks in phrenic and recurrent laryngeal power spectra are due to two respiratory central pattern generators whose outputs have parallel pathways to respiratory motoneurons.

A General Rhythmic Pattern Generation Architecture for Legged Locomotion

2011 ◽  
pp. 202-230
Author(s):  
Zhijun Yang ◽  
Felipe M.G. França
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Legged Locomotion ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Life Phenomena ◽  
Almost All

As an engine of almost all life phenomena, the motor information generated by the central nervous system (CNS) plays a critical role in the activities of all animals. After a brief review of some recent research results on locomotor central pattern generators (CPG), which is a concrete branch of studies on the CNS generating rhythmic patterns, this chapter presents a novel, macroscopic and model-independent approach to the retrieval of different patterns of coupled neural oscillations observed in biological CPGs during the control of legged locomotion. Based on scheduling by multiple edge reversal (SMER), a simple and discrete distributed synchroniser, various types of oscillatory building blocks (OBB) can be reconfigured for the production of complicated rhythmic patterns and a methodology is provided for the construction of a target artificial CPG architecture behaving as a SMER-like asymmetric Hopfield neural networks.

scholarly journals Diversity of molecularly defined spinal interneurons engaged in mammalian locomotor pattern generation

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 2956-2974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Ziskind-Conhaim ◽  
Shawn Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Descending Fibers ◽  
Experimental Model Systems ◽  
Pattern Generators

Mapping the expression of transcription factors in the mouse spinal cord has identified ten progenitor domains, four of which are cardinal classes of molecularly defined, ventrally located interneurons that are integrated in the locomotor circuitry. This review focuses on the properties of these interneuronal populations and their contribution to hindlimb locomotor central pattern generation. Interneuronal populations are categorized based on their excitatory or inhibitory functions and their axonal projections as predictors of their role in locomotor rhythm generation and coordination. The synaptic connectivity and functions of these interneurons in the locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) have been assessed by correlating their activity patterns with motor output responses to rhythmogenic neurochemicals and sensory and descending fibers stimulations as well as analyzing kinematic gait patterns in adult mice. The observed complex organization of interneurons in the locomotor CPG circuitry, some with seemingly similar physiological functions, reflects the intricate repertoire associated with mammalian motor control and is consistent with high transcriptional heterogeneity arising from cardinal interneuronal classes. This review discusses insights derived from recent studies to describe innovative approaches and limitations in experimental model systems and to identify missing links in current investigational enterprise.

scholarly journals Central Pattern Generation of Locomotion: A Review of the Evidence

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn MacKay-Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Sensory Afferents ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Neural networks in the spinal cord, referred to as “central pattern generators” (CPGs), are capable of producing rhythmic movements, such as swimming, walking, and hopping, even when isolated from the brain and sensory inputs. This article reviews the evidence for CPGs governing locomotion and addresses other factors, including supraspinal, sensory, and neuromodulatory influences, that interact with CPGs to shape the final motor output. Supraspinal inputs play a major role not only in initiating locomotion but also in adapting the locomotor pattern to environmental and motivational conditions. Sensory afferents involved in muscle and cutaneous reflexes have important regulatory functions in preserving balance and ensuring stable phase transitions in the locomotor cycle. Neuromodulators evoke changes in cellular and synaptic properties of CPG neurons, conferring flexibility to CPG circuits. Briefly addressed is the interaction of CPG networks to produce intersegmental coordination for locomotion. Evidence for CPGs in humans is reviewed, and although a comprehensive clinical review is not an objective, examples are provided of animal and human studies that apply knowledge of CPG mechanisms to improve locomotion. The final section deals with future directions in CPG research.

scholarly journals Repetition Preferences in Two-Handed Balanced Signs: Vestigial Locomotor Central Pattern Generators Shape Sign Language Phonetics and Phonology

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Tkachman ◽  
Gracellia Purnomo ◽  
Bryan Gick
Keyword(s):  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Bimanual Movements ◽  
Bimanual Actions ◽  
Locomotor Patterns ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Hong Kong Sign Language

Language is produced by bodies that evolved to fulfill a variety of functions, most of them non-communicative. Vestigial influences of adaptation for quadrupedal locomotion are still affecting bimanual actions, and have consequences on manual communication systems such as sign languages of the deaf. We discuss how central pattern generators (CPGs), networks of nerve cells in the spinal cord that drive locomotion, influence bimanual actions with alternating movements to be produced with repeated motion. We demonstrate this influence with data from three unrelated sign languages, American Sign Language, British Sign Language, and Hong Kong Sign Language: in all three sign languages two-handed balanced signs produced with alternating movements have a tendency to be repeated, whereas other types of two-handed balanced signs show the opposite tendency for single movements. These tendencies cannot be fully explained by factors such as iconicity. We propose a motoric account for these results: as alternating bimanual movements are influenced by locomotor patterns, they favor repeated movements.

Pattern Generation in Caudal-Lumbar and Sacrococcygeal Segments of the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 732-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gabbay ◽  
I. Delvolvé ◽  
A. Lev-Tov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Inhibitory Pathways ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Inhibitory Interactions ◽  
Slow Rhythm

The rhythmogenic capacity of the tail-innervating segments (L4-Co3) of the spinal cord was studied in isolated spinal cord and tail–spinal cord preparations of neonatal rats. Bath-applied serotonin/ N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) failed to produce a robust sacrococcygeal rhythmicity following midlumbar transection of the spinal cord. By contrast, a regular alternating left–right rhythm could be induced in the sacrococcygeal segments by application of noradrenaline (NA) or NA and NMDA before and after midlumbar transection of the cord. This rhythm was accelerated with the concentration of NMDA and was blocked by α1 or α2 adrenoceptor antagonists. The efferent bursts induced by NA/NMDA were accompanied by rhythmic tail movements produced by alternating activation of the left and right tail muscles and by coactivation of flexors, extensors, and abductors on a given side of the tail. This coactivation implies that reciprocal inhibitory pathways were not activated during the rhythm. Lesion experiments revealed that the rhythmogenic circuitry is distributed along all or most of the sacrococcygeal segments. The NA/NMDA-induced rhythm persisted in the isolated sacrococcygeal (S1-Co3), sacral (S1-S4), coccygeal (Co1-Co3), and smaller isolated regions of the sacrococcygeal cord. The rhythm also could be maintained in longitudinally split sacrococcygeal hemicords in which flexor, extensor, and abductor motoneurons are coactivated. This finding indicates that neither left/right nor flexor/extensor inhibitory interactions are required for rhythmogenesis in the sacrococcygeal cord. A slow rhythm lacking the alternating left–right pattern was induced by NA/NMDA in tail-innervating caudal lumbar segments of isolated L4-Co3 preparations. This rhythm was independent of the concurrent sacrococcygeal rhythm and the activity pattern of the tail musculature and it does not seem to contribute to rhythmic tail movements under these conditions. Comparative studies of the rhythm produced in the isolated caudal lumbar, sacrococcygeal cord, and caudal thoracic–rostral lumbar segments revealed that the S1-Co3 rhythm was faster than the L4-L6 pattern and slower than the T6-L3 rhythm. It is suggested that the caudal lumbar and sacrococcygeal segments of the cord are normally driven by the faster rostral lumbar central pattern generators. The relevance of the findings described above to pattern generation in the mammalian spinal cord is discussed.

scholarly journals Central pattern generation underlying Limulus rhythmic behavior patterns

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon A. Wyse
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Activities ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Rhythmic Behaviors

Abstract Many behavioral activities of the horseshoe crab Limulus are rhythmic, and most of these are produced in large part by central pattern generators within the CNS. The chain of opisthosomal ('abdominal') ganglia controls gill movements of ventilation and gill cleaning, and the prosomal ring of fused ganglia (brain and segmental 'thoracic' ganglia) controls generation of feeding and locomotor movements of the legs. Both the opisthosomal CNS and the prosomal CNS can generate behaviorally appropriate patterns of motor output in isolation, without movements or sensory input. Preparations of the isolated opisthosomal CNS generate rhythmic output patterns of motor activity characterized as fictive ventilatory and gill cleaning rhythms. Moreover, CNS preparations also express longer-term patterns, such as intermittent ventilation or sequential bouts of ventilation and gill cleaning. Such longer-term patterns are commonly observed in intact animals. The isolated prosomal CNS does not spontaneously generate the activity patterns characteristic of walking, swimming, and feeding. However, perfusion of octopamine in the isolated prosomal CNS activates central pattern generators underlying rhythmic chewing movements, and injection of octopamine into intact Limulus promotes the chewing pattern of feeding, whether or not food is presented. Our understanding of the ability of neuromodulators such as octopamine to elicit or alter central motor programs may help to clarify the central neural circuits of pattern generation that produce and coordinate these rhythmic behaviors.

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