scholarly journals Routing in IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN): A Survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Kumar ◽  
Sudarshan Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽  
Routing Tables

6LoWPANs (IPv6-based Low-Power Personal Area Networks) are formulated by devices that are compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. To moderate the effects of network mobility, the Internet Protocol (IP) does not calculate routes; it is left to a routing protocol, which maintains routing tables in the routers. 6LowPAN uses an adaptation layer between the network (IPv6) and data link layer (IEEE802.15.4 MAC) to fragment and reassemble IPv6 packets. The routing in 6LoWPAN is primarily divided on the basis of routing decision taken on adaptation or network layer. The objective of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art survey of existing routing protocols: LOAD, M-LOAD, DYMO-Low, Hi-Low, Extended Hi-Low, and S-AODV. These routing protocols have compared on the basis of different metric like energy consumption, memory uses, mobility, scalability, routing delay, an RERR message, a Hello message, and local repair. We have also presented the taxonomy of routing requirement; parameter for evaluating routing algorithm, and it was found that the routing protocol has its own advantages depending upon the application where it is used.

scholarly journals A Simulation Model of IEEE 802.15.4 GTS Mechanism and GTS Attacks in OMNeT++ / MiXiM + NETA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin M. Amin ◽  
Amr T. Abdel-Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Mac Layer ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Free Data ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽  
Time Critical

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the PHY and MAC layer specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). With the proliferation of many time-critical applications with real-time delivery, low latency, and/or specific bandwidth requirements, Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS) are increasingly being used for reliable contention-free data transmission by nodes within beacon-enabled WPANs. To evaluate the performance of the 802.15.4 GTS management scheme, this paper introduces a new GTS simulation model for OMNeT++ / MiXiM. Our GTS model considers star-topology WPANs within the 2.4 GHz frequency band, and is in full conformance with the IEEE 802.15.4 – 2006 standard. To enable thorough investigation of the behaviors and impacts of different attacks against the 802.15.4 GTS mechanism, a new GTS attacks simulation model for OMNeT++ is also introduced in this paper. Our GTS attacks model is developed for OMNeT++ / NETA, and is integrated with our GTS model to provide a single inclusive OMNeT++ simulation model for both the GTS mechanism and all known-to-date attacks against it.

scholarly journals Reinforcement-Learning-Based IDS for 6LoWPAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryan Mohammadi Pasikhani ◽  
Andrew John Clark ◽  
Prosanta Gope
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Constrained Environments ◽  
Operational Component

<p>The Routing Protocol for low power Lossy networks (RPL) is a critical operational component of low power wireless personal area networks using IPv6 (6LoWPANs). In this paper we propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based IDS to detect various attacks on RPL in 6LoWPANs, including several unaddressed by current research. The proposed scheme can also detect previously unseen attacks and the presence of mobile intruders. The scheme is well suited to the resource constrained environments of our target networks.</p><br>

scholarly journals Enhancing Energy Saving in Smart Farming through Aggregation and Partition Aware IoT Routing Protocol

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Fathallah ◽  
Mohamed Abid ◽  
Nejib Ben Hadj-Alouane
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Smart Farming

Internet of things (IoT) for precision agriculture or Smart Farming (SF) is an emerging area of application. It consists essentially of deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs), composed of IP-enabled sensor nodes, in a partitioned farmland area. When the surface, diversity, and complexity of the farm increases, the number of sensing nodes increases, generating heavy exchange of data and messages, and thus leading to network congestion, radio interference, and high energy consumption. In this work, we propose a novel routing algorithm extending the well known IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL), the standard routing protocol used for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). It is referred to as the Partition Aware-RPL (PA-RPL) and improves the performance of the standard RPL. In contrast to RPL, the proposed technique builds a routing topology enabling efficient in-network data aggregation, hence dramatically reducing data traffic through the network. Performance analysis of a typical/realistic precision agriculture case, considering the potato pest prevention from the well-known late blight disease, shows that PA-RPL improves energy saving up to 40 % compared to standard RPL.

IEEE 802.15.4: a developing standard for low-power low-cost wireless personal area networks

IEEE Network ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Gutierrez ◽  
M. Naeve ◽  
E. Callaway ◽  
M. Bourgeois ◽  
V. Mitter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks

scholarly journals A Game Theory Based Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Personal Area Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang Ma ◽  
Jang-Ping Sheu ◽  
Chao-Xiang Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Network Congestion ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the presence of congestion increases the ratio of packet loss and energy consumption and reduces the network throughput. Particularly, this situation will be more complex in Internet of Things (IoT) environment, which is composed of thousands of heterogeneous nodes. RPL is an IPv6 routing protocol in low power and lossy networks standardized by IETF. However, the RPL can induce problems under network congestion, such as frequently parent changing and throughput degradation. In this paper, we address the congestion problem between parent nodes and child nodes in RPL-enabled networks, which typically consist of low power and resource constraint devices. To mitigate the effect of network congestion, we design a parent-change procedure by game theory strategy, by which the child nodes can change next hop neighbors toward the sink. Comparing to the ContikiRPL implementation, the simulation results show that our protocol can achieve more than two times improvement in throughput and reduce packet loss rate with less increasing of average hop count.

scholarly journals Identifying Misbehaving Greedy Nodes in IoT Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5127
Author(s):  
Fatima Salma Sadek ◽  
Khaled Belkadi ◽  
Abdelhafid Abouaissa ◽  
Pascal Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Threshold Mechanism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard

One of the central communication infrastructures of the Internet of Things (IoT) is the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which defines Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR- WPAN). In order to share the medium fairly in a non-beacon-enabled mode, the standard uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). The nature of connected objects with respect to various resource constraints makes them vulnerable to cyber attacks. One of the most aggressive DoS attacks is the greedy behaviour attack which aims to deprive legitimate nodes to access to the communication medium. The greedy or selfish node may violate the proper use of the CSMA/CA protocol, by tampering its parameters, in order to take as much bandwidth as possible on the network, and then monopolize access to the medium by depriving legitimate nodes of communication. Based on the analysis of the difference between parameters of greedy and legitimate nodes, we propose a method based on the threshold mechanism to identify greedy nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism provides a detection efficiency of 99.5%.

An Improvement of ZigBee Cluster-Tree Routing Protocol

2012 ◽  
Vol 588-589 ◽  
pp. 1214-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Gui Meng ◽  
Bao Chen Jiang ◽  
Cheng You Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Cluster Tree ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Tree Routing ◽  
Zigbee Network ◽  
Parent Child Relationships

ZigBee is a wireless standard for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), and it is widely used in industrial, commercial, medical fields where low energy consumption is needed. ZigBee routing protocols should be stable, reliable and low-power. Cluster-Tree routing protocol is a simple and reliable routing protocol used in ZigBee network, and it only takes into account parent-child relationships of nodes, therefore its routing path is single and inefficient. This paper improves Cluster-Tree algorithm by introducing a neighbor table. The improved routing protocol has better performance in less energy consumption and a longer life cycle of entire ZigBee network.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of 802.15.4 Transceiver for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) on FPGA

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2085-2089
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Devices ◽  
Data Sequence ◽  
Chip Area ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Transceiver Design ◽  
Ieee Standard ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard provides mainly accessing, monitoring, and controlling capability of the Wireless devices. This standard supports short-range wireless communications and Low Rate (LR) - Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). This manuscript presents the fully integrated digital 802.15.4 Transceiver, which suitable to ZigBee Device Standard at 2.4GHz range. The 802.15.4 Transceiver design includes an 8-bit input data sequence mapped to lower and Upper Symbols followed by Chip-sequence conversion as per the IEEE standard. The chip sequences are mapped separately as even and odd sequences used for the Offset-QPSK Modulation. The chip synchronization achieved by using a proper clocking mechanism on the receiver side. The 802.15.4 Transceiver design is implemented on Artix-7 FPGA using Xilinx Environment. The hardware constraints like Area (Slices), Frequency, and Power are analyzed. The proposed work also compared with existing similar approaches with more significant improvements in chip area and Power.

scholarly journals Modified GTS Allocation Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakha Maisat Eka Darmawan ◽  
M. Udin Harun Al Rasyid ◽  
Amang Sudarsono
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Allocation Scheme ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Traffic Pattern ◽  
Slot Size ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽  
Personal Area Network ◽  
Better Than

IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely used in wireless personal area networks (WPANs). The devices transmit data during two periods: contention access period (CAP) by accessing the channel using CSMA/CA and contention free period (CFP), which consists of guaranteed time slots (GTS) allocated to individual devices by the personal area network (PAN). However, the use of GTS slot size may lead to severe bandwidth wastage if  the traffic pattern is not fit or only a small portion of GTS slot is used by allocated device. The proposed scheme devides the GTS slot and then optimizes the GTS slot size by exploiting the value of superframe order (SO) information. The proposed scheme was tested through simulations and the results show that the new GTS allocation scheme perform better than the original IEEE 802.15.4 standard in terms of average transmitted packets, throughput, latency and probability of successful packets.

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