scholarly journals A Game Theory Based Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Personal Area Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang Ma ◽  
Jang-Ping Sheu ◽  
Chao-Xiang Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Network Congestion ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the presence of congestion increases the ratio of packet loss and energy consumption and reduces the network throughput. Particularly, this situation will be more complex in Internet of Things (IoT) environment, which is composed of thousands of heterogeneous nodes. RPL is an IPv6 routing protocol in low power and lossy networks standardized by IETF. However, the RPL can induce problems under network congestion, such as frequently parent changing and throughput degradation. In this paper, we address the congestion problem between parent nodes and child nodes in RPL-enabled networks, which typically consist of low power and resource constraint devices. To mitigate the effect of network congestion, we design a parent-change procedure by game theory strategy, by which the child nodes can change next hop neighbors toward the sink. Comparing to the ContikiRPL implementation, the simulation results show that our protocol can achieve more than two times improvement in throughput and reduce packet loss rate with less increasing of average hop count.

scholarly journals Reinforcement-Learning-Based IDS for 6LoWPAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryan Mohammadi Pasikhani ◽  
Andrew John Clark ◽  
Prosanta Gope
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Constrained Environments ◽  
Operational Component

<p>The Routing Protocol for low power Lossy networks (RPL) is a critical operational component of low power wireless personal area networks using IPv6 (6LoWPANs). In this paper we propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based IDS to detect various attacks on RPL in 6LoWPANs, including several unaddressed by current research. The proposed scheme can also detect previously unseen attacks and the presence of mobile intruders. The scheme is well suited to the resource constrained environments of our target networks.</p><br>

scholarly journals Reinforcement-Learning-Based IDS for 6LoWPAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryan Mohammadi Pasikhani ◽  
Andrew John Clark ◽  
Prosanta Gope
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Constrained Environments ◽  
Operational Component

<p>The Routing Protocol for low power Lossy networks (RPL) is a critical operational component of low power wireless personal area networks using IPv6 (6LoWPANs). In this paper we propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based IDS to detect various attacks on RPL in 6LoWPANs, including several unaddressed by current research. The proposed scheme can also detect previously unseen attacks and the presence of mobile intruders. The scheme is well suited to the resource constrained environments of our target networks.</p><br>

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Composite Metric Based Routing Protocol for Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1366-1381
Author(s):  
Sathishkumar Natesan ◽  
Rajakumar Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Battery Discharge

The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is operated by gadgets comprised of many devices of embedded type with limited energy, memory as well as resources that do their process. The improvements in the life of the network and energy conservation are the key challenging features in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Obviously, the LLN has a key strategic part in routing. The Internet of Things (IoT) device is expected to make the apt choice. In LLN, the poor routing choice leads to traffic congestion, reduction in power as well as packet loss ratio. The task in the proposal analyzes Delay (D), Load (L) and Battery Discharge Index (BDI) pivoted Energy Efficient Composite Metric Routing (EECMR) protocol for LLN. The performance of the work in the proposal is evaluated by the COOJA simulator. It outperforms with respect to Network Lifetime (NL), Delay as well as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) contrasted to the routing metrics like Traffic Load (TL), Link Quality (LQ), Residual Energy (RE), RE-Battery Discharge Index (RE-BDI) and Hop Count (HC).

scholarly journals RPL Routing Protocol Performance in Smart Grid Applications Based Wireless Sensors: Experimental and Simulated Analysis

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa Abdel Hakeem ◽  
Anar Hady ◽  
HyungWon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
High Density ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count

The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is one of the Smart Grid (SG) applications that used to upgrade the current power system by proposing a two-way communication system to connect the smart meter devices at homes with the electric control company. The design and deployment of an efficient routing protocol solution for AMI systems are considered to be a critical challenge due to the constrained resources of the smart meter nodes. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) was recently standardized by the IETF and originally designed to satisfy the routing requirements of lossy and low power networks like wireless sensors (WSN). We have two kinds of AMI applications, on one hand AMI based WSN and on the other hand AMI based PLC communication. In this paper, we proposed a real and simulated implementation of RPL behavior with proper modifications to support the AMI based WSN routing requirements. We evaluate RPL performance using 140 nodes from the wireless sensor testbed (IoT-LAB) and 1000 nodes using Cooja simulator measure RPL performance within medium and high-density networks. We adopted two routing metrics for path selection: First one is HOP Count (HC) and the second is Expected Transmission Unit (ETX) to evaluate RPL performance in terms of packet delivery ratio; network latency; control traffic overhead; and power consumption. Our results illustrate that routes with ETX calculations in low and medium network densities outperform routes using HC and the performance decreases as the network becomes dense. However, Cooja implementation results provides an average reasonable performance for AMI with high-density networks; still many RPL nodes suffering from high packet loss rates, network congestion and many retransmissions due to the selection of optimal paths with highly unreliable links.

scholarly journals Enhancing Energy Saving in Smart Farming through Aggregation and Partition Aware IoT Routing Protocol

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Fathallah ◽  
Mohamed Abid ◽  
Nejib Ben Hadj-Alouane
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Smart Farming

Internet of things (IoT) for precision agriculture or Smart Farming (SF) is an emerging area of application. It consists essentially of deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs), composed of IP-enabled sensor nodes, in a partitioned farmland area. When the surface, diversity, and complexity of the farm increases, the number of sensing nodes increases, generating heavy exchange of data and messages, and thus leading to network congestion, radio interference, and high energy consumption. In this work, we propose a novel routing algorithm extending the well known IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL), the standard routing protocol used for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). It is referred to as the Partition Aware-RPL (PA-RPL) and improves the performance of the standard RPL. In contrast to RPL, the proposed technique builds a routing topology enabling efficient in-network data aggregation, hence dramatically reducing data traffic through the network. Performance analysis of a typical/realistic precision agriculture case, considering the potato pest prevention from the well-known late blight disease, shows that PA-RPL improves energy saving up to 40 % compared to standard RPL.

scholarly journals Acknowledgement Based Technique for Detection of the Wormhole Attack in RPL Based Internet of Things Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (S3) ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Vikram Neerugatti ◽  
A. Rama Mohan Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Wormhole Attack ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Selective Forwarding

Internet of Things (IoT) is the advanced technology, were the constrained nodes/things (all the objects around us such as chair, home, car, keys, etc.) will be connected to the internet to form a network, for sharing and monitoring the data, remotely. RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy networks) is a routing protocol particularly designed for the constrained (low powered, low computation, less size, etc.) networks with the protocol 6LoWPAN (IPv6 Low Powered wireless Personal Area Networks). Due to the constrained behaviour of the RPL protocol, it will leads to many RPL routing attacks such as Sinkhole, Black hole, Wormhole, Selective forwarding, rank attacks, etc. This paper was focused on the Wormhole attack. The Wormhole attack will select the packets from one location and drops those packets in some other location (malicious) by forming the Tunnelling. To detect this attack here proposed and implemented a novel approach called (ADWA). Acknowledgement based technique for detection of the wormhole attack in RPL based Internet of Things networks. This approach was shown efficient results with the Telosb sky emulator nodes in the Contiki Cooja simulator, in terms of the Packet delivery ratio, delay and detection of wormhole attack.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Evaluation of a Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks in Mesh Scenarios for Precision Agriculture

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3814
Author(s):  
Frederico O. Sales ◽  
Yelco Marante ◽  
Alex B. Vieira ◽  
Edelberto Franco Silva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Grid Topology

Sensor nodes are small, low-cost electronic devices that can self-organize into low-power networks and are susceptible to data packet loss, having computational and energy limitations. These devices expand the possibilities in many areas, like agriculture and urban spaces. In this work, we consider an IoT environment for monitoring a coffee plantation in precision agriculture. We investigate the energy consumption under low-power and lossy networks considering three different network topologies and an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) routing protocol, the Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL). For RPL, each secondary node selects a better parent according to some Objective Functions (OFs). We conducted simulations using Contiki Cooja 3.0, where we considered the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and hop-count metric (HOP) metrics to evaluate energy consumption for three distinct topologies: tree, circular, and grid. The simulation results show that the circular topology had the best (lowest) energy consumption, being 15% better than the grid topology and 30% against the tree topology. The results help the need to improve the evolution of RPL metrics and motivate the network management of the topology.

scholarly journals Entropy based routing for mobile, low power and lossy wireless sensors networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 155014771986613
Author(s):  
Celso Carvalho ◽  
Edjair Mota ◽  
Eric Ferraz ◽  
Paulo Seixas ◽  
Paulo Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Simulation Results

Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is a routing solution specifically developed for wireless sensor networks, which does not quickly rebuild topology of mobile networks. In this article, we propose a mechanism based on mobility entropy and integrate it into the corona RPL (CoRPL) mechanism, which is an extension of the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). We extensively evaluated our proposal with a simulator for Internet of Things and wireless sensor networks. The mobility entropy-based mechanism, called CoRPL+E, considers the displacement of nodes as a deciding factor to define the links through which nodes communicate. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism, when compared to CoRPL mechanism, is effective in reducing packet loss and latency in simulated mobile routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. From the simulation results, one can see that the CoRPL+E proposal mechanism provides a packet loss reduction rate of up to 50% and delays reduction by up to 25% when compared to CoRPL mechanism.

scholarly journals LC-DEX: Lightweight and Efficient Compressed Authentication Based Elliptic Curve Cryptography in Multi-Hop 6LoWPAN Wireless Sensor Networks in HIP-Based Internet of Things

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7348
Author(s):  
Balkis Bettoumi ◽  
Ridha Bouallegue
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Constrained Devices

The high level of security requirements and low capabilities of constrained devices that are connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) constitute a new challenge in terms of proposing an authentication solution that deals with the problem of energy constraints. The Host Identity Protocol Diet EXchange (HIP DEX) is primarily designed to be suitable for constrained devices and designed to be resistant to Denial of Service (DoS) and man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. In this paper, we propose an efficient saving energy solution to secure end-to-end (E2E) communications based on the compression of the IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) header for HIP DEX packets. We implement our solution in an IoT based-WSN over Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) in the application layer and Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) in the routing layer. We also propose a novel distribution model that minimizes the number of signaling messages. Both proposed compression and distribution models for HIP DEX combined with an original implementation of an opportunistic association establishment of the handshake, constitute an efficient security solution for IoT. We called our solution Lightweight Compressed HIP DEX in the IoT (LC-DEX).

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