scholarly journals Laser-Induced Evoked Potentials in the Brain after Nonperceptible Optical Stimulation at the Neiguan Acupoint: A Preliminary Report

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Litscher ◽  
Guenther Bauernfeind ◽  
Gernot Mueller-Putz ◽  
Christa Neuper
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Cerebral Evoked Potentials ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
Joint Study ◽  
Laser Needle ◽  
Medical University ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Needle Stimulation

We report on small but reproducible human cerebral evoked potentials after bilateral nonperceptible laser needle (658 nm, 40 mW, 500 μm, 1 Hz) irradiation of the Neiguan acupoint (PC6). The results which are unique in scientific literature were obtained in a 26-year-old female healthy volunteer within a joint study between the Medical University of Graz, the Karl-Franzens University of Graz, and the Graz University of Technology. The findings of the 32-channel evoked potential analysis indicate that exposure to laser needle stimulation with a frequency of 1 Hz can modulate the ascending reticular activating system. Further studies are absolutely necessary to confirm or refute the preliminary findings.

Differences between Congenitally Blind and Normally Sighted Subjects in the P1 Component of Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1192-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Naveen ◽  
R. Srinivas ◽  
K. S. Nirmala ◽  
R. Nagarathna ◽  
H. R. Nagendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Blind Children ◽  
Congenitally Blind ◽  
Reticular Activating System

Auditory evoked potentials (0 to 100 msec. range) were recorded two times for 9 congenitally blind children (age=14.1 yr.±1.4 yr.) and 9 age-matched children with normal vision. The groups' peak latency and amplitude of the P1 wave were compared. The peak latency was significantly lower for the congenitally blind than for the normally sighted on a two-factor analysis of variance. Since the P1 wave is thought to correspond to either the ascending reticular activating system or the primary auditory cortex, these results suggest that information processing at these neural levels may occur more efficiently in the blind.

Consultation with the specialist

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Altered Consciousness ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Good General Health ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Case Presentation A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by ambulance after being found "unresponsive" by his parents. He has been in good general health, has had no fever or other symptoms of infectious processes, has been taking no medications, and was "his normal self" until immediately prior to being found. Patients who are unresponsive and unarousable are in coma. The term altered consciousness represents the spectrum of abnormalities that exists between the immediate capability for normal wakefulness and true coma. For the purposes of this review, the two terms will be used interchangeably because their causes are similar and usually differ only in severity. Pathophysiology Two areas of the brain are responsible for consciousness: the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and the cerebral cortex. The ARAS is located in the brain stem from the level of the medulla to the level of the midbrain and sends multiple afferent neurons to the cortex. Disruption of this system can lead to disorders of consciousness. The cerebral cortex is the much more common site where dysfunction can cause coma. Any injury or illness that affects the cerebral cortex globally can cause coma or altered consciousness. Differential Diagnosis Altered consciousness in children can be caused by injuries or illnesses that affect the central nervous system directly or can be a manifestation of other systemic disease (Table 1).

scholarly journals Ascending Reticular Activating System of the Brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Kovalzon
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Arousal Reaction

There were two stages in the history of the studies on ascending reticular activating system of the brain (ARAS). The first stage began with the ARAS discovery by Magoun and Moruzzi and the following investigations using the methods of stimulation and lesion at that time mainly in acute cats. These studies led to the hypothesis of a “diffuse” and “unspecific” ARAS of the brain stem. The second stage was associated with using more precise neurophysiological and histochemical methods mainly in chronically operated free-moving cats and rats. By 2010, the idea of the ARAS as an organized hierarchy of the cerebral “waking centers” distributed along the entire cerebral axis and releasing all the known neuromediators of low molecular weight together with the most important neuropeptides was formulated. To date, the aforementioned hypothesis has been revised again. The glutamatergic activating system has been discovered and described in detail. Presumably, this system is responsible for the appearance of electroencephalogram (EEG) arousal reaction and maintenance of the neocortex in the state of tonic depolarization during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Its destruction results in a deep comatose-like state. At the same time, the activity of all other “waking centers” is probably the result of the cortical activation.

Neurophysiology and Treatment of Disorders of Consciousness Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury: Orexin Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Target

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (39) ◽  
pp. 4208-4220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiling Tang ◽  
Qiumei Zhu ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Siru Qin ◽  
Yinan Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Disorders Of Consciousness ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause disorders of consciousness (DOC) by impairing the neuronal circuits of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) structures, including the hypothalamus, which are responsible for the maintenance of the wakefulness and awareness. However, the effectiveness of drugs targeting ARAS activation is still inadequate, and novel therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. Methods: The goal of this work is to describe the neural loops of wakefulness, and explain how these elements participate in DOC, with emphasis on the identification of potential new therapeutic options for DOC induced by TBI. Results: Hypothalamus has been identified as a sleep/wake center, and its anterior and posterior regions have diverse roles in the regulation of the sleep/wake function. In particular, the posterior hypothalamus (PH) possesses several types of neurons, including the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) with widespread projections to other wakefulness-related regions of the brain. Orexins have been known to affect feeding and appetite, and recently their profound effect on sleep disorders and DOC has been identified. Orexin antagonists are used for the treatment of insomnia, and orexin agonists can be used for narcolepsy. Additionally, several studies demonstrated that the agonists of orexin might be effective in the treatment of DOC, providing novel therapeutic opportunities in this field. Conclusion: The hypothalamic-centered orexin has been adopted as the point of entry into the system of consciousness control, and modulators of orexin signaling opened several therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of DOC.

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE TRIGEMINAL AND COCHLEOVESTIBULAR SYSTEMS IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT PAIN DYSFUNCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-120
Author(s):  
N.D. Sorokina ◽  
◽  
L.R. Shahalieva ◽  
S.S. Pertsov ◽  
L.V. Polma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Autonomous Nervous System ◽  
Dental Diseases ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
The Right ◽  
Distal Occlusion ◽  
The Brain

One of the most common causes of chronic pain in the facial region, including in the trigeminal nerve link, which is not associated with dental diseases, is pain dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint. At the same time, there is evidence in the literature that there are relationships between pain dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint, abnormal occlusion, cervical-muscular tonic phenomena, postural disorders, dysfunction of the Autonomous nervous system and cochleovestibular manifestations. At the same time, neurophysiological indicators of functional disorders in the maxillofacial region and intersystem interactions in pain dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint are insufficiently studied.Goal. The aim of the work is to evaluate the neurophysiological features of trigeminal afferentation in terms of trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials (TSWP) and the auditory conducting system of the brain in terms of acoustic stem evoked potentials (ASVP) in distal occlusion of the dentition with pain dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in comparison with physiological occlusion in students 18-21 years old. Material and methods. The main study included 41 students with distal occlusion (21 girls and 20 boys), (grade II Engl, symmetrically right and left in 14 people, and grade II Engl on the left and grade I on the right in 12 people, grade I on the left and grade II on the right in 15 people). All respondents with distal occlusion and who were practically healthy signed an informed consent to participate in the study. We used complex orthodontic methods of examination, subjective degree of severity and intensity of pain in the TMJ, assessment of the Autonomous nervous system (samples and tests), and neurophysiological methods for assessing TSVP and ASVP. Results. Significant differences in ASEP parameters were found in the group of respondents with distal occlusion in the form of a decrease in the latency period of peak I, III, and V compared to physiological occlusion, that correlated with the subjective assessment (in points) of cochleovestibular disorders. According to the TSVP study, a decrease in the duration of latent periods was found, which indicates an increased excitability of non-specific brain stem structures at the medullo-ponto-mesencephalic level compared to the control group. Conclusions. The results obtained are supposed to be used for differential diagnostics, including such dental diseases as TMJ pain dysfunction, occlusion abnormalities accompanied by pain syndrome. Additional functional diagnostics of multi-modal VP of the brain (acoustic evoked potentials, trigeminal evoked potentials) can be performed in conjunction with indicators of autonomic nervous system dysfunction, with parameters of severity of clinical symptoms of cochleovestibular disorders, musculoskeletal dysfunction the maxillofacial area, with indicators of pain, which will determine the tactics and effectiveness of subsequent treatment.

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