scholarly journals Excessive Leucine-mTORC1-Signalling of Cow Milk-Based Infant Formula: The Missing Link to Understand Early Childhood Obesity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodo C. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Great Chance ◽  
Induce Insulin Resistance

Increased protein supply by feeding cow-milk-based infant formula in comparison to lower protein content of human milk is a well-recognized major risk factor of childhood obesity. However, there is yet no conclusive biochemical concept explaining the mechanisms of formula-induced childhood obesity. It is the intention of this article to provide the biochemical link between leucine-mediated signalling of mammalian milk proteins and adipogenesis as well as early adipogenic programming. Leucine has been identified as the predominant signal transducer of mammalian milk, which stimulates the nutrient-sensitive kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Leucine thus functions as a maternal-neonatal relay for mTORC1-dependent neonatalβ-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. The mTORC1 target S6K1 plays a pivotal role in stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into adipocytes and to induce insulin resistance. It is of most critical concern that infant formulas provide higher amounts of leucine in comparison to human milk. Exaggerated leucine-mediated mTORC1-S6K1 signalling induced by infant formulas may thus explain increased adipogenesis and generation of lifelong elevated adipocyte numbers. Attenuation of mTORC1 signalling of infant formula by leucine restriction to physiologic lower levels of human milk offers a great chance for the prevention of childhood obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Bifidogenic Effects of Goat and Cow Milk-Based Infant Formulas to Human Breast Milk in an in vitro Gut Model for 3-Month-Old Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Gallier ◽  
Pieter Van den Abbeele ◽  
Colin Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome

Human milk contains prebiotic components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which stimulate the growth of specific members of the infant gut microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria). Plant-based or synthetic oligosaccharides are often added to infant formulas to simulate the bifidogenic effect of HMOs. Cow milk, the most common source of protein in infant formula, and goat milk, used increasingly in the manufacture of infant formula, contain naturally-occurring prebiotics. This study compared the upper gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent colonic fermentation of human milk vs. goat and cow milk-based infant formulas (goat IF and cow IF, respectively), without additional oligosaccharides using an in vitro model for 3-month-old infants based on the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). First, a dialysis approach using 3.5 kDa membranes was demonstrated to simulate small intestinal absorption of carbohydrates in conditions similar to those in vivo. During the in vitro digestion experiment, oligosaccharides were detected in human milk and goat IF but barely detected in the cow IF. Further, all three milk matrices decreased colonic pH by boosting acetate, lactate, and propionate production, which related to increased abundances of acetate/lactate-producing Bifidobacteriaceae for human milk (+25.7%) and especially goat IF (33.8%) and cow IF (37.7%). Only cow IF stimulated butyrate production which correlated with an increase in Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae. Finally, Enterobacteriaceae and Acidaminococcaceae also increased with all three milk matrices, while production of proteolytic metabolites (branched-chain fatty acids) was only detected for the cow IF. Overall, goat and cow milk-based formulas without added oligosaccharides impacted gut microbial activity and composition similarly to human milk. This suggests that even without supplementation of formula with oligosaccharides, whole goat milk, whole cow milk and cow milk ingredients already supply compounds in formulas that exert beneficial bifidogenic effects. Further clinical research is warranted to elucidate the effect of whole goat milk-based formulas on the infant gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Are Faba Bean and Pea Proteins Potential Whey Protein Substitutes in Infant Formulas? An In Vitro Dynamic Digestion Approach

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Linda Le Roux ◽  
Olivia Ménard ◽  
Raphaël Chacon ◽  
Didier Dupont ◽  
Romain Jeantet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Pea Proteins

Infant formulas (IFs) are used as substitutes for human milk and are mostly based on cow milk proteins. For sustainability reasons, animal protein alternatives in food are increasingly being considered, as plant proteins offer interesting nutritional and functional benefits for the development of innovative IFs. This study aimed to assess how a partial substitution (50%) of dairy proteins with faba bean and pea proteins influenced the digestibility of IFs under simulated dynamic in vitro digestion, which were set up to mimic infant digestion. Pea- and faba bean-based IFs (PIF and FIF, respectively) have led to a faster aggregation than the reference milk-based IF (RIF) in the gastric compartment; that did not affect the digesta microstructure at the end of digestion. The extent of proteolysis was estimated via the hydrolysis degree, which was the highest for FIF (73%) and the lowest for RIF (50%). Finally, it was apparent that in vitro protein digestibility and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)-like scores were similar for RIF and FIF (90% digestibility; 75% PDCAAS), but lower for PIF (75%; 67%). Therefore, this study confirms that faba bean proteins could be a good candidate for partial substitution of whey proteins in IFs from a nutritional point of view, provided that these in vitro results are confirmed in vivo.

In vivo digestomics of milk proteins in human milk and infant formula using a suckling rat pup model

Peptides ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Wada ◽  
Brett S. Phinney ◽  
Darren Weber ◽  
Bo Lönnerdal
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Rat Pup

Effects of infant formula, cow milk and human milk on drug metabolizing enzymes

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. P46-P46
Author(s):  
H XU ◽  
R RAJESAN ◽  
R KIM ◽  
S KLIEWER ◽  
B LONNERDAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Drug Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes

Differences in Vitamin E and C Profile Between Infant Formula and Human Milk and Relative Susceptibility to Lipid Oxidation

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Elisia ◽  
David D. Kitts
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Vitamin E And C ◽  
Vit C

The vitamin E isoforms and vitamin (vit) C content of infant formulas were compared to human milk and related to relative susceptibilities to lipid peroxidation. We report that a highly distinct vitamin E and C profile exists between formula and human milk. Whileα-tocopherol (α-Toc) is the dominant vit E isoform in human milk, formula contains a substantial amount of α-Toc and δ-Toc that was greater than the level found in human milk (12- and 32-fold, respectively). Vitamin C was also two- fold higher in infant formula compared to human milk. Despite the higher vitamin E and C content, we also observed higher rates of lipid oxidation in the formula when compared to human milk. Storing human milk for one day at refrigeration temperatures did not produce hexanal in human milk, but this storage resulted in an increase in hexanal in formulas. We conclude that the higher concentrations of γ-Toc and δ-Toc in infant formulas did not provide similar protection from lipid oxidation as human milk. We also observed that vit C content was reduced during storage in both infant formula and human milk, which did not occur with the Toc isoforms.

scholarly journals A Validated Method for Detection and Quantitation of 2’Fucosyllactose in Infant Formula Matrices

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro A. Prieto ◽  
Michael B. Miklus ◽  
Cynthia M. Barber ◽  
Steven M. Tennyson
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Elution Time ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation

Analytical methods to assess the content of free carbohydrates in solution range from simple tests of reductive power to combinations of chromatography and mass spectrometry. Soluble carbohydrates such as lactose, maltose, fructooligosaccharides, and galactooligosaccharides are commonly found in infant formulas either as sources of energy or soluble fibers. On the other hand, a rich repertoire of lactose-based carbohydrates occurs naturally in human milk.  The advent of novel biosynthesis technologies resulted in the availability of human milk oligosaccharide structures that are being used as ingredients in infant formulas.   Notably, 2’Fucosyllactose has been tested in preclinical and clinical studies to determine its safety and to explore its potential health benefits in the context of pediatric nutrition. Several chromatographic methods for the analysis of human milk oligosaccharides have been published and, the main challenge associated with 2’Fucosyllactose quantitation has been to improve its resolution from lactose, which is present at concentrations around 70 g/l in both, infant formula and human milk. We developed a high-performance anion exchange chromatography method to detect and quantify 2’ Fucosyllactose in the presence of lactose by expanding the elution time between these saccharides. We validated the analytical procedure which behaved linearly (average R=0.99951) at concentrations as low as 1.75 µg/ml (limit of quantitation) with an average limit of detection of 0.43 µg/ml.

Camel milk: A possible alternative to infant formulas for patients with allergy to cow milk proteins

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. e116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Rubino ◽  
Giuseppe Antonio Mazza ◽  
Sergio Rubino ◽  
Ali Mohamed Mahdi ◽  
Francesco Zurlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Camel Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds in Infant Formula and Their Effects on Infant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Cristine Couto Almeida ◽  
Bianca Figueiredo Mendonça Pereira ◽  
Katia Christina Leandro ◽  
Marion Pereira Costa ◽  
Bernardete Ferraz Spisso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients ◽  
Formula Composition

Infant formulas are an alternative to replace or supplement human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. The knowledge of human milk’s bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects has attracted the interest of researchers in the field of infant nutrition, as well as researchers of technology and food sciences that seek to improve the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas. Several scientific studies evaluate the optimization of infant formula composition. The bioactive compound inclusion has been used to upgrade the quality and nutrition of infant formulas. In this context, the purpose of this systematic literature review is to assess the scientific evidence of bioactive compounds present in infant formulas (α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, taurine, milk fat globule membrane, folates, polyamines, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, and probiotics) and their effects on infant nutrition and health. Through previously determined criteria, studies published in the last fifteen years from five different databases were included to identify the advances in the optimization of infant formula composition. Over the last few years, there has been optimization of the infant formula composition, not only to increase the similarities in their content of macro and micronutrients but also to include novel bioactive ingredients with potential health benefits for infants. Although the infant food industry has advanced in the last years, there is no consensus on whether novel bioactive ingredients added to infant formulas have the same functional effects as the compounds found in human milk. Thus, further studies about the impact of bioactive compounds in infant nutrition are fundamental to infant health.

Manganese Absorption from Human Milk, Cow Milk, and Infant Formulas

Milk Proteins ◽  
1989 ◽  
pp. 97-99
Author(s):  
L. Davidsson ◽  
Å. Cederblad ◽  
B. Lönnerdal ◽  
B. Sandström
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas

Magnesium bioavailability from human milk, cow milk, and infant formula in suckling rat pups

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lönnerdal ◽  
M Yuen ◽  
C Glazier ◽  
R E Litov
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Rat Pups
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