scholarly journals Consequences in Infants That Were Intrauterine Growth Restricted

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Cosmi ◽  
Tiziana Fanelli ◽  
Silvia Visentin ◽  
Daniele Trevisanuto ◽  
Vincenzo Zanardo
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Abnormalities ◽  
Short And Long Term

Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition fetus does not reach its growth potential and associated with perinatal mobility and mortality. Intrauterine growth restriction is caused by placental insufficiency, which determines cardiovascular abnormalities in the fetus. This condition, moreover, should prompt intensive antenatal surveillance of the fetus as well as follow-up of infants that had intrauterine growth restriction as short and long-term sequele should be considered.

scholarly journals Intrauterine Growth Restriction: New Insight from the Metabolomic Approach

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Priante ◽  
Giovanna Verlato ◽  
Giuseppe Giordano ◽  
Matteo Stocchero ◽  
Silvia Visentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Thrifty Phenotype ◽  
Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis ◽  
Uterine Environment ◽  
Short And Long Term

Recognizing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a matter of great concern because this condition can significantly affect the newborn’s short- and long-term health. Ever since the first suggestion of the “thrifty phenotype hypothesis” in the last decade of the 20th century, a number of studies have confirmed the association between low birth weight and cardiometabolic syndrome later in life. During intrauterine life, the growth-restricted fetus makes a number of hemodynamic, metabolic, and hormonal adjustments to cope with the adverse uterine environment, and these changes may become permanent and irreversible. Despite advances in our knowledge of IUGR newborns, biomarkers capable of identifying this condition early on, and stratifying its severity both pre- and postnatally, are still lacking. We are also still unsure about these babies’ trajectory of postnatal growth and their specific nutritional requirements with a view to preventing, or at least limiting, long-term complications. In this setting, untargeted metabolomics—a relatively new field of ‘-omics’ research—can be a good way to investigate the metabolic perturbations typically associated with IUGR. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a general overview of the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of IUGR, focusing on evidence emerging from metabolomic studies. Though still only preliminary, the reports emerging so far suggest an “early” pattern of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, catabolite accumulation, and altered amino acid metabolism in IUGR neonates. Further, larger studies are needed to confirm these results and judge their applicability to clinical practice.

Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronny Geva
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Uteroplacental Blood Flow ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Health Organization

Recent data shows that 30 million low-birth-weight (LBW) infants are born annually worldwide (23.8% of all births). Although the global prevalence of such births is gradually decreasing, rates are still as high as 30% in many developing countries (World Health Organization 2008). Low birth weight is due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), rather than or in addition to prematurity, in approximately one-third of these cases. This staggering number of affected children underscores the importance of understanding the short- and long-term cognitive and behavioral complications of IUGR. Intrauterine growth restriction conveys short- and long-term neurodevelopmental risks and thus requires costly long-term investment of medical, cognitive emotional, educational, and economical resources. Nevertheless, if treated aggressively, IUGR more often than not bears a fairly optimistic outlook, once the infant overcomes the initial life-threatening issues (Geva et al. 2006a). Intrauterine growth restriction is frequently detected in a pregnancy with a less-than-expected third trimester weight gain (100–200 g [3.5–7 oz] per week) or as an incidental finding on ultrasound examination when fetal measurements are less than expected for gestational age (GA; Geva et al. 2005). An estimated fetal weight under the 10th percentile, as determined by serial ultrasound examination, strongly correlates with growth restriction (Bernstein and Gabbe 1996; McCormick 1985). The etiologies of IUGR are typically thought of according to three interdependent categories: fetal factors, placental factors, and maternal factors (Kay 2008). Fetal factors include chromosomal events, such as trisomy 18 and 13 and sex chromosome abnormalities, which account for 5%–15% of all IUGR cases. Further exploration of genetic factors is currently under way, with mixed results (Kotzot et al. 2001). Other fetal factors linked to IUGR include congenital anomalies, mostly cardiovascular malformations, gastroschisis and omphalocele; infection, often related to rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis (see Chapter 25); and multiple gestations, in which uteroplacental blood flow variations and/or twin–twin transfusion develops (Miller et al. 2008). Fetal villus circulation abnormalities are placental factors related to IUGR (Roberts and Post 2008).

Mechanisms Underlying Neurologic Injury in Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2021 ◽  
pp. 088307382199989
Author(s):  
Lijia Wan ◽  
Kaiju Luo ◽  
Pingyang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Neurologic Injury ◽  
White Matter Damage ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Short And Long Term

Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition that prevents normal fetal development, and previous studies have reported that intrauterine growth restriction is caused by adverse intrauterine factors. This condition affects both short- and long-term neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies have revealed that neurodevelopmental disorders can contribute to gray and white matter damage and decrease the brain volume of affected individuals. Further, these disorders are associated with increased risks of mental retardation, cognitive impairment, and cerebral palsy, which seriously affect the quality of life. Although the mechanisms underlying the neurologic injury associated with intrauterine growth restriction are not completely clear, studies have revealed that neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitatory toxicity, disruption of blood-brain barrier, and epigenetics may be involved in this process. This article reviews the manifestations and possible mechanisms underlying neurologic injury in intrauterine growth restriction and provides a theoretical basis for the effective prevention and treatment of this condition.

INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION - A REVIEW ARTICLE

2018 ◽  
pp. 184-195
Author(s):  
Minh Son Pham ◽  
Vu Quoc Huy Nguyen ◽  
Dinh Vinh Tran
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
No Gold Standard

Small for gestational age (SGA) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) is difficult to define exactly. In this pregnancy condition, the fetus does not reach its biological growth potential as a consequence of impaired placental function, which may be because of a variety of factors. Fetuses with FGR are at risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality, and poor long-term health outcomes, such as impaired neurological and cognitive development, and cardiovascular and endocrine diseases in adulthood. At present no gold standard for the diagnosis of SGA/FGR exists. The first aim of this review is to: summarize areas of consensus and controversy between recently published national guidelines on small for gestational age or fetal growth restriction; highlight any recent evidence that should be incorporated into existing guidelines. Another aim to summary a number of interventions which are being developed or coming through to clinical trial in an attempt to improve fetal growth in placental insufficiency. Key words: fetal growth restriction (FGR), Small for gestational age (SGA)

scholarly journals Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Cytokine Profiles of Trophoblast Antigen-Stimulated Maternal Lymphocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Raghupathy ◽  
Majedah Al-Azemi ◽  
Fawaz Azizieh
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Ifnγ And Tnfα

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an important perinatal syndrome that poses several serious short- and long-term effects. We studied cytokine production by maternal peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by trophoblast antigens. 36 women with a diagnosis of IUGR and 22 healthy women with normal fetal growth were inducted. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with trophoblast antigens and levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-23, IFNγ, and TNFα and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 were measured in culture supernatants by ELISA. IL-8 was produced at higher levels by blood cells of the IUGR group than normal pregnant women, while IL-13 was produced at lower levels. IL-8, IFNγ, and TNFα were higher in IUGR with placental insufficiency than in normal pregnancy. IL-12 levels were higher and IL-10 levels were lower in IUGR with placental insufficiency than in IUGR without placental insufficiency. We suggest that a stronger pro-inflammatory bias exists in IUGR as compared to normal pregnancy and in IUGR with placental insufficiency when compared to IUGR without placental insufficiency. Several ratios of proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines also support the existence of an inflammatory bias in IUGR.

scholarly journals The Long-term impact of intrauterine growth restriction in a diverse US cohort of children: The EPOCH study

Obesity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 608-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa L. Crume ◽  
Ann Scherzinger ◽  
Elizabeth Stamm ◽  
Robert McDuffie ◽  
Kimberly J. Bischoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Long Term Impact
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