scholarly journals Exosomes in Food: Health Benefits and Clinical Relevance in Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javaria Munir ◽  
Mihye Lee ◽  
Seongho Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Potential Use

ABSTRACT Exosomes are membrane-bound organelles generally secreted by eukaryotic cells that contain mRNAs, microRNAs, and/or proteins. However, recent studies have reported the isolation of these particles from foods such as lemon, ginger, and milk. Owing to their absorption by intestinal cells and further travel via the bloodstream, exosomes can reach distant organs and affect overall health in both infants and adults. The potential role of food-derived exosomes (FDEs) in alleviating diseases, as well as in modulating the gut microbiota has been shown, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Moreover, exosomes may provide biocompatible vehicles for the delivery of anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin. Thus, exosomes may allow medical nutritionists and clinicians to develop safe and targeted therapies for the treatment of various pathologies. The present review introduces FDEs and their contents, highlights their role in disease and infant/adult health, and explores their potential use as therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Potential role of acetylsalicilic acid and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer risk reduction (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Buheruk ◽  
O. B. Voloshyna ◽  
L. I. Kovalchuk ◽  
I. V. Balashova ◽  
O. V. Naidionova
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Current Systematic Review ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The aim of this review is to analyze and summarize the existing evidence regarding the possibilities of using acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce cancer risk. Conclusions. Chronic inflammation facilitates the onset and progress of tumour growth. Anti-cancer properties of acetylsalicylic acid and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are mediated via cyclooxygenase COX-dependent mechanisms, as well as other tumorigenic pathways. Current systematic review addresses potential role of ASA and other NSAIDs in reduction of cancer risk for the following localizations: head and neck, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, breast, ovaries, prostate, and skin. The role of ASA in primary prevention of colorectal cancer in specific populations is presented in 2016 U. S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines. Studies indicate heterogeneous protective potential of ASA against different cancer types, depending on studied population, duration of intake and dose. Influence of non-aspirin NSAIDs on cancer morbidity and mortality is more controversial.

scholarly journals OX40L/OX40 Signal Promotes IL-9 Production by Mucosal MAIT Cells During Helicobacter pylori Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siqi Ming ◽  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Zibin Liang ◽  
Chunna Li ◽  
Jianzhong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Mait Cells ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Mait Cell

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play a critical role in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastritis by promoting mucosal inflammation and aggravating mucosal injuries (1, 2). However, the underlying mechanism and key molecules involved are still uncertain. Here we identified OX40, a co-stimulatory molecule mainly expressed on T cells, as a critical regulator to promote proliferation and IL-9 production by MAIT cells and facilitate mucosal inflammation in H. pylori-positive gastritis patients. Serum examination revealed an increased level of IL-9 in gastritis patients. Meanwhile, OX40 expression was increased in mucosal MAIT cells, and its ligand OX40L was also up-regulated in mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) of gastritis patients, compared with healthy controls. Further results demonstrated that activation of the OX40/OX40L pathway promoted IL-9 production by MAIT cells, and MAIT cells displayed a highly-activated phenotype after the cross-linking of OX40 and OX40L. Moreover, the level of IL-9 produced by MAIT cells was positively correlated with inflammatory indexes in the gastric mucosa, suggesting the potential role of IL-9-producing MAIT cells in mucosal inflammation. Taken together, we elucidated that OX40/OX40L axis promoted mucosal MAIT cell proliferation and IL-9 production in H. pylori-induced gastritis, which may provide potential targeting strategies for gastritis treatment.

scholarly journals Inducible microRNA-590-5p inhibits host antiviral response by targeting the soluble interleukin-6 (IL6) receptor

2018 ◽  
Vol 293 (47) ◽  
pp. 18168-18179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqin Zhou ◽  
Zhangchuan Xia ◽  
Zhikui Cheng ◽  
Gang Xu ◽  
Xiaodan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Interleukin 6 Receptor ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Host Antiviral Response

MicroRNA (miR)-590-5p has been identified as an important regulator of some signaling pathways such as cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. However, little is known about its role during viral infection. Here, we report that miR-590-5p was significantly induced by various viruses and effectively potentiated virus replication in different viral infection systems. Furthermore, miR-590-5p substantially attenuated the virus-induced expression of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines, resulting in impaired downstream antiviral signaling. Interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R) was identified as a target of miR-590-5p. Interestingly, the role of miR-590-5p in virus-triggered signaling was abolished in IL6R knockout cells, and this could be rescued by restoring the expression of the soluble IL6R (sIL6R) but not the membrane-bound IL6R (mIL6R), suggesting that sIL6R is indispensable for miR-590-5p in modulating the host antiviral response. Furthermore, miR-590-5p down-regulated endogenous sIL6R and mIL6R expression through a translational repression mechanism. These findings thus uncover a previously uncharacterized role and the underlying mechanism of miR-590-5p in the innate immune response to viral infection.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Shuttles for Targeted Therapies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Raimondo ◽  
Gianluca Giavaresi ◽  
Aurelio Lorico ◽  
Riccardo Alessandro
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
And Function ◽  
Potential Use

The development of effective nanosystems for drug delivery represents a key challenge for the improvement of most current anticancer therapies. Recent progress in the understanding of structure and function of extracellular vesicles (EVs)—specialized membrane-bound nanocarriers for intercellular communication—suggests that they might also serve as optimal delivery systems of therapeutics. In addition to carrying proteins, lipids, DNA and different forms of RNAs, EVs can be engineered to deliver specific bioactive molecules to target cells. Exploitation of their molecular composition and physical properties, together with improvement in bio-techniques to modify their content are critical issues to target them to specific cells/tissues/organs. Here, we will discuss the current developments in the field of animal and plant-derived EVs toward their potential use for delivery of therapeutic agents in different pathological conditions, with a special focus on cancer.

scholarly journals Is There a Link between Bisphenol A (BPA), a Key Endocrine Disruptor, and the Risk for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severe COVID-19?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3296
Author(s):  
Aeman Zahra ◽  
Cristina Sisu ◽  
Elisabete Silva ◽  
Sophie-Christine De Aguiar Greca ◽  
Harpal S. Randeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of a new disease (COVID-19). The risk of severe COVID-19 is increased by certain underlying comorbidities, including asthma, cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Notably, exposure to hormonally active chemicals called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can promote such cardio-metabolic diseases, endocrine-related cancers, and immune system dysregulation and thus, may also be linked to higher risk of severe COVID-19. Bisphenol A (BPA) is among the most common EDCs and exerts its effects via receptors which are widely distributed in human tissues, including nuclear oestrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), membrane-bound oestrogen receptor (G protein-coupled receptor 30; GPR30), and human nuclear receptor oestrogen-related receptor gamma. As such, this paper focuses on the potential role of BPA in promoting comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19, as well as on potential BPA-induced effects on key SARS-CoV-2 infection mediators, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Interestingly, GPR30 appears to exhibit greater co-localisation with TMPRSS2 in key tissues like lung and prostate, suggesting that BPA exposure may impact on the local expression of these SARS-CoV-2 infection mediators. Overall, the potential role of BPA on the risk and severity of COVID-19 merits further investigation.

Kratom and Future Treatment for the Opioid Addiction and Chronic Pain: Periculo Beneficium?

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismaliza Ismail ◽  
Suzaily Wahab ◽  
Hatta Sidi ◽  
Srijit Das ◽  
Loo Jiann Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Substitution Therapy ◽  
Mitragyna Speciosa ◽  
Reward Pathways ◽  
Potential Use

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a naturally existing plant found in South-East Asia, is traditionally used as a herb to help elevate a person’s energy and also to treat numerous medical ailments. Other than the analgesic property, kratom has been used as an agent to overcome opioid withdrawal as it contains natural alkaloids, i.e. mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and MGM-9, which has agonist affinity on the opioid receptors, including mu (µ) and kappa (κ). The role of neural reward pathways linked to µ-opioid receptors and both dopaminergic and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons that express µ-opioid receptors were deliberated. However, kratom has been reported to be abused together with other illicit substances with high risk of potential addiction. There are also anecdotes of adverse effects and toxicity of kratom, i.e. tremor, fatigue, seizure, and death. Different countries have distinctive regulation and policy on the plantation and use of this plant when most of the countries banned the use of it because of its addiction problems and side effects. The aim of this review is to highlight on the potential use of kratom, unique ‘herbs” as a substitution therapy for chronic pain and opioid addiction, based on the neurobiological perspective of pain and the underlying mechanism of actions of drug addiction.

scholarly journals Activity and Function of the PRMT8 Protein Arginine Methyltransferase in Neurons

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1132
Author(s):  
Rui Dong ◽  
Xuejun Li ◽  
Kwok-On Lai
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Protein Arginine Methyltransferases ◽  
Synapse Maturation ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
Mammalian Protein

Among the nine mammalian protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), PRMT8 is unusual because it has restricted expression in the nervous system and is the only membrane-bound PRMT. Emerging studies have demonstrated that this enzyme plays multifaceted roles in diverse processes in neurons. Here we will summarize the unique structural features of PRMT8 and describe how it participates in various neuronal functions such as dendritic growth, synapse maturation, and synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggesting the potential role of PRMT8 function in neurological diseases will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Diversity and the role of endophytic bacteria: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Sofia Khan ◽  
Vijeshwar Verma ◽  
Shafaq Rasool
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Industrial Enzymes ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Tremendous Impact

Endophytes belong to a widespread group of microorganisms that colonise intracellular and intercellular spaces in all known plant parts but do not cause diseases or major morphological changes to the host. Endophytic bacteria ubiquitously colonise plant internal tissues, where they can form a variety of interactions, including commensalistic, symbiotic, trophobiotic and mutualistic. Endophytic bacteria produce pharmaceutically important compounds such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, industrial enzymes, antidiabetics and anti-cancer agents. In addition, endophytes can also support their host by producing a variety of natural products for potential use in medicine, agriculture or industry. This group of bacteria can have a tremendous impact on plant communities, raising their fitness by endowing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. There are great prospects for searching, selecting and studying new endophytic bacteria species in order to create new microbial preparations for adaptive crop production, while reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture. The present review summarises studies to date about endophytic bacteria, including topics such as isolation methods, the diversity of these bacteria and their biological roles.

scholarly journals The Presence and Potential Role of ALDH1A2 in the Glioblastoma Microenvironment

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2485
Author(s):  
Stephanie Sanders ◽  
Denise M. Herpai ◽  
Analiz Rodriguez ◽  
Yue Huang ◽  
Jeff Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Diffuse Infiltration ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Brain

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant glioma. Therapeutic targeting of GBM is made more difficult due to its heterogeneity, resistance to treatment, and diffuse infiltration into the brain parenchyma. Better understanding of the tumor microenvironment should aid in finding more effective management of GBM. GBM-associated macrophages (GAM) comprise up to 30% of the GBM microenvironment. Therefore, exploration of GAM activity/function and their specific markers are important for developing new therapeutic agents. In this study, we identified and evaluated the expression of ALDH1A2 in the GBM microenvironment, and especially in M2 GAM, though it is also expressed in reactive astrocytes and multinucleated tumor cells. We demonstrated that M2 GAM highly express ALDH1A2 when compared to other ALDH1 family proteins. Additionally, GBM samples showed higher expression of ALDH1A2 when compared to low-grade gliomas (LGG), and this expression was increased upon tumor recurrence both at the gene and protein levels. We demonstrated that the enzymatic product of ALDH1A2, retinoic acid (RA), modulated the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in macrophages, but not in GBM tumor cells. Thus, the expression of ALDH1A2 may promote the progressive phenotype of GBM.

Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: How do we advance the field?

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally E Meikle ◽  
Paul Liknaitzky ◽  
Susan L Rossell ◽  
Margaret Ross ◽  
Nigel Strauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Psychedelic Drugs ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Potential Use

In the quest for new treatment options for depression, attention is being paid to the potential role of psychedelic drugs. Psilocybin is of particular interest given its mechanism of action, its benefits in early trials and its relatively low side effects burden. This viewpoint outlines a number of key issues that remain to be elucidated about its potential use in the clinical environment, including clarification of the profile of people most likely to benefit and those who might experience adverse effects, longer-term outcomes and the role of psychotherapeutic input alongside the drug itself. There are also opportunities to understand better, the neurobiology underpinning its effects.

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