Galvanic Cell Measurement of the Thermodynamic Interaction between Cadmium and Tin in Liquid Bismuth

1964 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Boorstein ◽  
R. D. Pehlke
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Cell ◽  
Liquid Bismuth ◽  
Cell Measurement ◽  
Thermodynamic Interaction

Thermodynamic interaction of some mono- and dichloroalkanes with tetrahydrofuran

1975 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 385-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Biroš ◽  
Antonín Živný ◽  
Julius Pouchlý
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Interaction

In the stability of paints and varnishes for protective and decorative wood finish

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ю.И. Цой
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Ternary Systems ◽  
Solubility Parameters ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Molecular Forces ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Thermodynamic Interaction

Задача получения однородного состава ЛКМ сводится к правильному выбору пленкообразователей и соответствующих растворителей и, в случае необходимости, разбавителей и добавок. На основе положений теории растворимости была проведена оценка совместимости компонентов и стабильности таких систем. Критериями оценки были приняты параметры растворимости и термодинамического взаимодействия. Исследовали совместимость алкидных лаков с аминоформальдегидными смолами в бутаноле, и результаты этих исследований представлены в треугольной фазовой диаграмме. Для оценки совместимости смол по результатам расчета параметров термодинамического взаимодействия были построены спинодали для тройных систем. Как показывает анализ результатов проведенных исследований, даже при большой разности ?? = |?12 – ?13| = 0,2 наблюдается небольшая область несовместимости. С уменьшением разности ?? область несовместимости сужается. При ?23 > ?с область несовместимости расширяется как для ? = 0,2, так и для ?? = 0,1 и ?? = 0. Таким образом, для таких систем на совместимость компонентов, в первую очередь, влияет их взаимодействие между собой – чем оно больше, тем лучше они совместимы. Проведенные исследования показали, что парциальные параметры растворимости, учитывающие природу когезионных сил, более объективно характеризуют растворимость пленкообразующих смол в органических растворителях, чем их общий параметр растворимости. Растворимость пленкообразующих алкидных и этерифицированных аминоформальдегидных смол в органических растворителях обусловлена термодинамическим взаимодействием молекулярных сил различной природы. Стабильность смеси алкидной и этерифицированной аминоформальдегидной смолы в бутаноле обусловлена в большей степени термодинамическим взаимодействием молекулярных сил; при этом степень бутанолизации меламиноформальдегидной смолы оказывает наибольшее влияние на стабильность cистемы. Проведенные исследования по стабильности лакокрасочных смесей из различных пленкообразующих смол на основе рассмотренных критериев оценки могут быть использованы для совершенствования технологии защитно-декоративной отделки древесины. The problem of obtaining a homogeneous composition of the coatings is reduced to the proper selection of film-forming agents, and diluent and, if appropriate, diluents and additives. On the basis of the theory of solubility, we have carried out the assessment of the compatibility of the components and stability of such systems. The evaluation criteria were adopted the parameters of the solubility and thermodynamic interaction. Researched the compatibility with alkyd varnishes aminoformaldehyde resin in butanol, and the results of these studies are presented in the triangular phase diagram. To evaluate the compatibility of the resins according to the results of calculation of thermodynamic parameters of interaction were built spinodal for ternary systems. As the analysis of the results of the studies, even when the difference ??|?12 – ?13| = 0,2 there is a small area of incompatibility. With the decrease of the difference ? ? region incompatibility narrows. When ?23> ?с region incompatibility extends to ?? = 0,2, and for ?? = 0.1 and ?? = 0. Thus, for such systems, compatibility of components, primarily, affects their interaction with each other – the further away it is, the better they are compatible. Studies have shown that the partial solubility parameters, which take into account the nature of cohesive forces, more objectively characterize the solubility of film-forming resins in organic solvents than their total solubility parameter. The solubility and film-forming aminoformaldehyde esterified alkyd resins in organic solvents due to thermodynamic interaction of molecular forces of different nature. Тhe stability of the mixture and aminoformaldehyde esterified alkyd resin in butanol is generated largely by thermodynamic forces of molecular interaction; the degree of butanolate melamine-formaldehyde resin has the greatest effect on the stability of the system. Conducted research on the stability of the paint mixtures of various film-forming resins on the basis of the evaluation criteria can be used to improve the technology of protective and decorative wood finish.

Acid-base properties of metals and glasses of Na2O.P2O5-xB2O3 system

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 2355-2362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juraj Leško ◽  
Marie Dorušková ◽  
Jan Tržil
Keyword(s):  
Boron Oxide ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Optical Basicity ◽  
Galvanic Cell ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Tetrahedral Configuration ◽  
Relative Basicity ◽  
Base Theory ◽  
Base Properties

Boron oxide in the Na2O.P2O5-x B2O3 system behaves as a Lux base. Its addition to Na2O.P2O5 brings about transformation of a Co(II) indicator from octahedral to tetrahedral configuration, increase in the optical basicity ΛPb(II), increase in the relative basicity of the melt as determined by means of a galvanic cell, and depolymerization reactions releasing PO43- ions. In the Na2O-B2O3 system free of P2O5, boron oxide behaves as a Lux acid. The amphoretic nature of B2O3 is explained in terms of Lux's acid-base theory extended in analogy with the protolysis theory. The theoretical optical basicity values do not indicate the amphoretic behaviour of B2O3 because in this approach boron oxide is a priori regarded as more acidic than Na2O.P2O5.

scholarly journals Electrodegradation of Acid Mixture Dye through the Employment of Cu/Fe Macro-Corrosion Galvanic Cell in Na2SO4 Synthetic Wastewater

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4580
Author(s):  
Mateusz Kuczyński ◽  
Mateusz Łuba ◽  
Tomasz Mikołajczyk ◽  
Bogusław Pierożyński ◽  
Agnieszka Jasiecka-Mikołajczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Galvanic Cell ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Ac Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Wastewater Purification ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Iron Anode ◽  
Biological Methods

Traditional wastewater purification processes are based on a combination of physical, chemical, and biological methods; however, typical electrochemical techniques for removing pollutants require large amounts of electrical energy. In this study, we report on a process of wastewater purification, through continuous anodic dissolution of iron anode for aerated Cu/Fe galvanic cell in synthetic Na2SO4 wastewater solution. Electrochemical experiments were conducted by means of a laboratory size electrolyzer, where electrocoagulation along with electrooxidation phenomena were examined for wastewater containing Acid Mixture dye. The above was visualized through the employment of electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy techniques) along with instrumental spectroscopy analyses.

scholarly journals Microfluidic Based Physical Approaches towards Single-Cell Intracellular Delivery and Analysis

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Kiran Kaladharan ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
Pallavi Gupta ◽  
Kavitha Illath ◽  
Tuhin Subhra Santra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Transfection Efficiency ◽  
Intracellular Delivery ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Cell Measurement ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Single Living

The ability to deliver foreign molecules into a single living cell with high transfection efficiency and high cell viability is of great interest in cell biology for applications in therapeutic development, diagnostics, and drug delivery towards personalized medicine. Various physical delivery methods have long demonstrated the ability to deliver cargo molecules directly to the cytoplasm or nucleus and the mechanisms underlying most of the approaches have been extensively investigated. However, most of these techniques are bulk approaches that are cell-specific and have low throughput delivery. In comparison to bulk measurements, single-cell measurement technologies can provide a better understanding of the interactions among molecules, organelles, cells, and the microenvironment, which can aid in the development of therapeutics and diagnostic tools. To elucidate distinct responses during cell genetic modification, methods to achieve transfection at the single-cell level are of great interest. In recent years, single-cell technologies have become increasingly robust and accessible, although limitations exist. This review article aims to cover various microfluidic-based physical methods for single-cell intracellular delivery such as electroporation, mechanoporation, microinjection, sonoporation, optoporation, magnetoporation, and thermoporation and their analysis. The mechanisms of various physical methods, their applications, limitations, and prospects are also elaborated.

scholarly journals Characterization of Soldering Alloy Type Bi-Ag-Ti and the Study of Ultrasonic Soldering of Silicon and Copper

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 624
Author(s):  
Roman Kolenak ◽  
Igor Kostolny ◽  
Jaromir Drapala ◽  
Paulina Babincova ◽  
Peter Gogola
Keyword(s):  
Eutectic Reaction ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Copper Substrate ◽  
Liquid Bismuth ◽  
Alloy Type ◽  
Average Shear Strength ◽  
Average Shear ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Solder Microstructure ◽  
Ultrasonic Soldering

The aim of the research work was to characterize the soldering alloy type Bi-Ag-Ti and to study the direct soldering of silicon and copper. Bi11Ag1.5Ti solder has a broad melting interval. Its scope depends mainly on the content of silver and titanium. The solder begins to melt at the temperature of 262.5 ∘C and full melting is completed at 405 ∘C. The solder microstructure consists of a bismuth matrix with local eutectics. The silver crystals and titanium phases as BiTi2 and Bi9Ti8 are segregated in the matrix. The average tensile strength of the solder varies around 42 MPa. The bond with silicon is formed due to interaction of active titanium with the silicon surface at the formation of a reaction layer, composed of a new product, TiSi2. In the boundary of the Cu/solder an interaction between the liquid bismuth solder and the copper substrate occurs, supported by the eutectic reaction. The mutual solubility between the liquid bismuth solder is very limited, on both the Bi and the Cu side. The average shear strength in the case of a combined joint of Si/Cu fabricated with Bi11Ag1.5Ti solder is 43 MPa.

scholarly journals Self-Powered Point-of-Care Device for Galvanic Cell-Based Sample Concentration Measurement

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2665
Author(s):  
Albert Álvarez-Carulla ◽  
Yaiza Montes-Cebrián ◽  
Jordi Colomer-Farrarons ◽  
Pere Lluís Miribel-Català
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Concentration Measurement ◽  
Galvanic Cell ◽  
Sample Concentration ◽  
Maximum Coefficient ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Transfer Function Gain

A novel self-powered point-of-care low-power electronics approach for galvanic cell-based sample concentration measurement is presented. The electronic system harvests and senses at the same time from the single cell. The system implements a solution that is suitable in those scenarios where extreme low power is generated from the fuel cell. The proposed approach implements a capacitive-based method to perform a non-linear sweep voltammetry to the cell, but without the need to implement a potentiostat amplifier for that purpose. It provides a digital-user readable result without the need for external non-self-powered devices or instruments compared with other solutions. The system conception was validated for a particular case. The scenario consisted of the measurement of a NaCl solution as the electrolyte, which was related to the conductivity of the sample. The electronic reader continuously measured the current with a transfer function gain of 1.012 V mA−1. The overall system exhibited a maximum coefficient of variation of 6.1%, which was an improvement compared with the state-of-the-art. The proof of concept of this electronics system was validated with a maximum power consumption of 5.8 μW using commercial-off-the-self parts.

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