Architecting Internet of Things Systems with Blockchain

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Wendy Yánez ◽  
Rami Bahsoon ◽  
Yuqun Zhang ◽  
Rick Kazman
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
P2p Network ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Architectural Tactics ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Internet Of Thing

Blockchain offers a distributed ledger to record data collected from Internet of Thing (IoT) devices as immutable and tamper-proof transactions and securely shared among authorized participants in a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network. Despite the growing interest in using blockchain for securing IoT systems, there is a general lack of systematic research and comprehensive review of the design issues on the integration of blockchain and IoT from the software architecture perspective. This article presents a catalog of architectural tactics for the design of IoT systems supported by blockchain as a result of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on IoT and blockchain to extract the commonly reported quality attributes, design decisions, and relevant architectural tactics for the architectural design of this category of systems. Our findings are threefold:<?brk?> (i) identification of security, scalability, performance, and interoperability as the commonly reported quality attributes; (ii) a catalog of twelve architectural tactics for the design of IoT systems supported by blockchain; and (iii) gaps in research that include tradeoffs among quality attributes and identified tactics. These tactics might provide architects and designers with different options when searching for an optimal architectural design that meets the quality attributes of interest and constraints of a system.

On the impact of architecture design decisions on the quality of blockchain-based applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Marmsoler ◽  
Leo Eichhorn
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Software Architectures ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In software architectures, architectural design decisions (ADDs) strongly influence the quality of the resulting software system. Wrong decisions lead to low-quality systems and are difficult to repair later on in the development process. As of today, little is known about the impact of certain ADDs for the development of architectures for blockchain-based systems. Thus, it is difficult to predict the outcome of certain ADDs when developing architectures for such systems. In the following, we propose a simulation-based approach for blockchain architectures in which the impact of certain ADDs on certain quality attributes can be simulated. To this end, we first implemented a simulation environment for blockchain architectures. The simulation environment was then used to execute a series of experiments from which we derived a set of hypotheses about the impact of certain ADDs on quality attributes for blockchain architectures. Finally, we tested the hypotheses using statistical analyses and derived an empirical model for blockchain architectures based on the outcome of the analysis. The model can be used by architects to predict the effect of certain decisions in the design of blockchain architectures before implementing them.

A BAYESIAN NETWORK APPROACH TO RATIONAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 695-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
HONGYU ZHANG ◽  
STAN JARZABEK
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Key Word

In software architecture design, we explore design alternatives and make decisions about adoption or rejection of a design from a web of complex and often uncertain information. Different architectural design decisions may lead to systems that satisfy the same set of functional requirements but differ in certain quality attributes. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian Network based approach to rational architectural design. Our Bayesian Network helps software architects record and make design decisions. We can perform both qualitative and quantitative analysis over the Bayesian Network to understand how the design decisions influence system quality attributes, and to reason about rational design decisions. We use the KWIC (Key Word In Context) example to illustrate the principles of our approach.

scholarly journals A Proximal Algorithm for Fork-Choice in Distributed Ledger Technology for Context-Based Clustering on Edge Computing

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Rahim Rahmani ◽  
Ramin Firouzi ◽  
Sachiko Lim ◽  
Mahbub Alam
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Computing Technology ◽  
Proximal Algorithm ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Distributed Ledger Technology ◽  
Iot Devices

The major challenges of operating data-intensive of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) are (1) to reach consensus on the main chain as a set of validators cast public votes to decide on which blocks to finalize and (2) scalability on how to increase the number of chains which will be running in parallel. In this paper, we introduce a new proximal algorithm that scales DLT in a large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) devices network. We discuss how the algorithm benefits the integrating DLT in IoT by using edge computing technology, taking the scalability and heterogeneous capability of IoT devices into consideration. IoT devices are clustered dynamically into groups based on proximity context information. A cluster head is used to bridge the IoT devices with the DLT network where a smart contract is deployed. In this way, the security of the IoT is improved and the scalability and latency are solved. We elaborate on our mechanism and discuss issues that should be considered and implemented when using the proposed algorithm, we even show how it behaves with varying parameters like latency or when clustering.

scholarly journals Activity shapes: towards a spatiotemporal analysis in architecture

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (26) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Paula Gómez ◽  
Ellen Yi-Luen Do ◽  
Mario Romero
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Spatial Configurations ◽  
Future Evaluation

Computational spatial analyses play an important role in architectural design processes, providing feedback about spatial configurations that may inform design decisions. Current spatial analyses convey geometrical aspects of space, but aspects such as space use are not encompassed within the analyses, although they are fundamental for architectural programming. Through this study, we initiate the discussion of including human activity as an input that will change the focus of current computational spatial analyses toward a detailed understanding of activity patterns in space and time. We envision that the emergent insights will serve as guidelines for future evaluation of design intents motivated by spatial occupancy, since we –designers– mentally constructing a model of the situation and activities on it (Eastman, 2001).

Supporting Quality-Driven Software Design through Intellectual Assistants

2010 ◽  
pp. 181-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Soria ◽  
J. Andres Diaz-Pace ◽  
Len Bass ◽  
Felix Bachmann ◽  
Marcelo Campo
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Software Design ◽  
Multiple Solutions ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Quality Attribute ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Tool Chain ◽  
Architectural Models ◽  
Organization Quality

Software design decisions are usually made at early stages but have far-reaching effects regarding system organization, quality, and cost. When doing design, developers apply their technical knowledge to decide among multiple solutions, seeking a reasonable balance between functional and quality-attribute requirements. Due to the complexity of this exploration, the resulting solutions are often more a matter of developer’s experience than of systematic reasoning. It is argued that AI-based tools can assist developers to search the design space more effectively. In this chapter, the authors take a software design approach driven by quality attributes, and then present two tools that have been specifically developed to support that approach. The first tool is an assistant for exploring architectural models, while the second tool is an assistant for the refinement of architectural models into object-oriented models. Furthermore, the authors show an example of how these design assistants are combined in a tool chain, in order to ensure that the main quality attributes are preserved across the design process.

Distributed Ledger Technology based Property Transaction System with Support for IoT Devices

2021 ◽  
pp. 299-319
Author(s):  
Nikita Singh ◽  
Manu Vardhan
Keyword(s):  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Distributed Ledger Technology ◽  
Cloud Server ◽  
Operational Models ◽  
Property Registration ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Server Architecture

Blockchain-based distributed ledger technology (DLT) is transforming the existing operational models of economy, financial transactions and other government machineries so as to allow these to operate in a much more secure and decentralized manner. This research focuses on providing framework for decentralized and secure P2P infrastructure for handling e-stamp and property registration mechanism along with interface for verification of document originality. The proposed efficient consensus mechanism reduces the overhead of broadcasting a new block by more than 50% coupled with saving CPU computation power along with network bandwidth. To ensure that even people at remote locations with constrained resources are able to participate and harness these benefits, a cloud server architecture & web interface for verification of property registered deed is also proposed.

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