Scaling Violation and Deep Inelastic Contribution to p-n Mass Difference

Chapter 4 deals with the stability of the proton, hence of hydrogen, and how to reconcile that stability with the baryon number nonconservation (or baryon conservation) needed to establish a matter–antimatter imbalance in the infant universe. Sakharov’s three conditions for establishing a matter–antimatter imbalance are presented. Grand unified theories and experimental searches for proton decay are described. The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is introduced in describing the electroweak phase transition in the infant universe. That transition is treated as the potential site for introducing the imbalance between quarks and antiquarks, via either baryogenesis or leptogenesis models. The up–down quark mass difference is presented as essential for providing the stability of hydrogen and of the deuteron, which serves as a crucial stepping stone in stellar hydrogen-burning reactions that generate the energy and elements needed for life. Constraints on quark masses from lattice QCD calculations and violations of chiral symmetry are discussed.

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Direct measurement of the mass difference of As72−Ge72 rules out As72 as a promising β -decay candidate to determine the neutrino mass

Physical Review C ◽

10.1103/physrevc.103.065502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 103 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Z. Ge ◽

T. Eronen ◽

A. de Roubin ◽

D. A. Nesterenko ◽

M. Hukkanen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Direct Measurement ◽

Neutrino Mass ◽

Mass Difference ◽

Β Decay

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Exothermic dark matter for XENON1T excess

Journal of High Energy Physics ◽

10.1007/jhep01(2021)019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hyun Min Lee

Keyword(s):

Dark Matter ◽

Mass Difference ◽

Mass Splitting ◽

Effective Theory ◽

Recoil Energy ◽

Detector Resolution ◽

Atomic Excitation ◽

Microscopic Models ◽

Electron Recoil ◽

Two Component

Abstract Motivated by the recent excess in the electron recoil from XENON1T experiment, we consider the possibility of exothermic dark matter, which is composed of two states with mass splitting. The heavier state down-scatters off the electron into the lighter state, making an appropriate recoil energy required for the Xenon excess even for the standard Maxwellian velocity distribution of dark matter. Accordingly, we determine the mass difference between two component states of dark matter to the peak electron recoil energy at about 2.5 keV up to the detector resolution, accounting for the recoil events over ER = 2 − 3 keV, which are most significant. We include the effects of the phase-space enhancement and the atomic excitation factor to calculate the required scattering cross section for the Xenon excess. We discuss the implications of dark matter interactions in the effective theory for exothermic dark matter and a massive Z′ mediator and provide microscopic models realizing the required dark matter and electron couplings to Z′.

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Neutron-Proton Mass Difference in Nuclear Matter and in Finite Nuclei and the Nolen-Schiffer Anomaly

EPJ Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/epjconf/20100306008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 06008 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

U.-G. Meißner ◽

A.M. Rakhimov ◽

A. Wirzba ◽

U.T. Yakhshiev

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Matter ◽

Mass Difference ◽

Proton Mass ◽

Finite Nuclei

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Atomic mass difference betweenCe135andLa135

Physical Review C ◽

10.1103/physrevc.23.1713 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 1713-1716 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Saito ◽

T. Toriyama ◽

M. Kanbe ◽

K. Hisatake

Keyword(s):

Mass Difference ◽

Atomic Mass

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Scalar- and Tensor-Tadpole Contribution toK0−K+Mass Difference

Physical Review ◽

10.1103/physrev.172.1528 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 172 (5) ◽

pp. 1528-1531 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sharashchandra H. Patil

Keyword(s):

Mass Difference

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SUSY and the mass difference of B0d – B̄0d

Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements ◽

10.1016/s0920-5632(97)00181-3 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 241-244

Author(s):

G. Couture ◽

H. König

Keyword(s):

Mass Difference

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Another SMEFT story: Z′ facing new results on ε′/ε, ∆MK and K → $$ \pi \nu \overline{\nu} $$

Journal of High Energy Physics ◽

10.1007/jhep12(2020)097 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Jason Aebischer ◽

Andrzej J. Buras ◽

Jacky Kumar

Keyword(s):

Renormalization Group ◽

Mass Difference ◽

Branching Ratios ◽

New Physics ◽

Matrix Elements ◽

Isospin Breaking ◽

Left Handed ◽

The Standard Model ◽

First Time ◽

Group Effects

Abstract Recently the RBC-UKQCD lattice QCD collaboration presented new results for the hadronic matrix elements relevant for the ratio ε′/ε in the Standard Model (SM) albeit with significant uncertainties. With the present knowledge of the Wilson coefficients and isospin breaking effects there is still a sizable room left for new physics (NP) contributions to ε′/ε which could both enhance or suppress this ratio to agree with the data. The new SM value for the K0 − $$ {\overline{K}}^0 $$ K ¯ 0 mass difference ∆MK from RBC-UKQCD is on the other hand by 2σ above the data hinting for NP required to suppress ∆MK. Simultaneously the most recent results for K+ → $$ {\pi}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu} $$ π + ν ν ¯ from NA62 and for KL → $$ {\pi}^0\nu \overline{\nu} $$ π 0 ν ν ¯ from KOTO still allow for significant NP contributions. We point out that the suppression of ∆MK by NP requires the presence of new CP-violating phases with interesting implications for K → $$ \pi \nu \overline{\nu} $$ πν ν ¯ , KS → μ+μ− and KL → π0ℓ+ℓ− decays. Considering a Z′-scenario within the SMEFT we analyze the dependence of all these observables on the size of NP still allowed by the data on ε′/ε. The hinted ∆MK anomaly together with the εK constraint implies in the presence of only left-handed (LH) or right-handed (RH) flavour-violating Z′ couplings strict correlation between K+ → $$ {\pi}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu} $$ π + ν ν ¯ and KL → $$ {\pi}^0\nu \overline{\nu} $$ π 0 ν ν ¯ branching ratios so that they are either simultaneously enhanced or suppressed relative to SM predictions. An anticorrelation can only be obtained in the presence of both LH and RH couplings. Interestingly, the NP QCD penguin scenario for ε′/ε is excluded by SMEFT renormalization group effects in εK so that NP effects in ε′/ε are governed by electroweak penguins. We also investigate for the first time whether the presence of a heavy Z′ with flavour violating couplings could generate through top Yukawa renormalization group effects FCNCs mediated by the SM Z-boson. The outcome turns out to be very interesting.

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