Male amphipods increase their mating effort before behavioural manipulation by trematodes

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean G McCurdy ◽  
Mark R Forbes ◽  
J Sherman Boates
Keyword(s):  
Predation Rate ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Ejaculate Size ◽  
Mud Flat ◽  
Behavioural Manipulation ◽  
Semipalmated Sandpipers

Certain parasites appear to alter the behaviour of intermediate hosts, making them more susceptible to predation by final hosts (adaptive parasite manipulation). In some cases, however, hosts are expected to respond by increasing their reproductive effort when first parasitized (adaptive host response). We tested predictions of these two hypotheses for males of the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas). Consistent with adaptive parasite manipulation, males infected by the trematode Gynaecotyla adunca (Linton) were likely to crawl on the surface of a mud flat, but only when visual predation by the final host, semipalmated sandpipers, Calidris pusilla L., was likely (during the day), and after trematodes had developed to their infective stage. Males appeared to compensate for parasitism by being more likely to mate, and perhaps by increasing ejaculate size. However, parasitized males that mated when first infected were less likely to mate again once their parasites reached their infective stage, despite their increased crawling at that time, which is associated with mate searching. We did not find that trematodes reduced host survival, apart from expected increases in predation rate on amphipods; in fact, highly infected amphipods actually lived longer than lightly infected ones. Taken together, our results suggest that adaptive host responses can occur before parasite manipulation is realized.

Transmission of Skrjabinoclava morrisoni Wong and Anderson, 1988 (Nematoda: Acuarioidea) to semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla (L.)) (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2265-2269 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Wong ◽  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Marine Amphipod ◽  
Experimental Bird ◽  
Calidris Pusilla ◽  
Semipalmated Sandpipers

Skrjabinoclava morrisoni Wong and Anderson, 1988 of the proventriculus of semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla (L.)) developed to the infective stage in the marine amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas). The first moult occurred 8 d and the second, 11 d postinfection at 20 °C. In the final host, fourth-stage larvae were recovered from one experimental bird examined 8 d postinfection. Juvenile birds collected at Long Point, Ontario, were not infected with S. morrisoni suggesting that transmission may not occur on the breeding ground. Transmission occurs, however, in the Canadian Maritimes and the Gulf of Mexico, as evidenced by the presence of juvenile S. morrisoni in birds collected on Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick, and birds recently arrived at Delta Marsh, Manitoba, from the Gulf Coast.

Behavioural and physiological effects of the trophically transmitted cestode parasite, Cyathocephalus truncatus, on its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
pp. 1839-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. FRANCESCHI ◽  
T. RIGAUD ◽  
Y. MORET ◽  
F. HERVANT ◽  
L. BOLLACHE
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Host Reaction ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Cestode Parasite ◽  
Behavioural Manipulation ◽  
Pathogenic Effects

SUMMARYSome parasites with complex life-cycles are able to manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate hosts in a way that increases their transmission to the next host. Gammarids infected by the tapeworm Cyathocephalus truncatus (Cestoda: Spathebothriidea) are known to be more predated by fish than uninfected ones, but potential behavioural manipulation by the parasite has never been investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that C. truncatus is able to manipulate the behaviour of one of its intermediate hosts, Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda). To assess if any behavioural change was linked to other phenotypic alterations, we also measured the immunity of infected and uninfected individuals and investigated the pathogenic effects of the parasite. Infected gammarids were significantly less photophobic than uninfected ones, but no effect of infection on the level of immune defence was found. The results on survival, swimming activity and oxygen consumption suggest that the parasite also has various pathogenic effects. However, the alteration in host phototaxis was not correlated to some of these pathogenic effects. Therefore, we propose that the modification in host reaction to light is a behavioural manipulation, explaining the previously observed increase of gammarid predation rate.

Spatial distribution of the intertidal snail Ilyanassa obsoleta in relation to parasitism by two species of trematodes

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1137-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean G McCurdy ◽  
J Sherman Boates ◽  
Mark R Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Ilyanassa Obsoleta ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
Intertidal Snail

We studied the spatial distributions of mud snails (Ilyanassa obsoleta) infected by two trematodes, Lepocreadium setiferoides and Gynaecotyla adunca, on a macrotidal mudflat in the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy. Snails, as first intermediate hosts, were castrated by both parasites, and we found no evidence of sex differences in parasitism. Similar to previous work, prevalence of L. setiferoides in I. obsoleta increased exponentially with host size (and age). Unexpectedly, prevalence of G. adunca decreased over the largest size classes of snails, a result that may be due to several causes. Distributions of both parasites across the intertidal zone differed from previous accounts in that snails infected with L. setiferoides were found only in the middle of the intertidal zone, whereas prevalence of G. adunca increased exponentially moving seaward. Several species of polychaetes could be infected by L. setiferoides in the laboratory and may act as appropriate second intermediate hosts, whereas only the amphipod Corophium volutator served as a second intermediate host for G. adunca. Finally, the vertical distributions of I. obsoleta infected by either species of trematode overlap with distributions of apparent or known second intermediate hosts.

Light microscope observations of granulomatous reactions against developing Porocephalus crotali (Pentastomida: Porocephalida) in mouse and rat

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Ambrose ◽  
J. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Granulomatous Lesion ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Epithelioid Cells ◽  
Large Numbers

SUMMARYThe development of granulomatous reactions against moulting nymphal pentastomids (Porocephalus crotali) in the tissues of rat and mouse intermediate hosts is described. Adipose tissue and lungs are favoured sites for encystment accounting for 70% of larvae. Six moults separate the primary larva from the final infective stage which first appears about 80 days post-infection (p.i.) and is fully infective by day 120. Larvae, and particularly their cast cuticles, are the foci of granulomatous reactions characterized by an intense eosinophilia. During ecdysis, large numbers of eosinophils permeate the entire lesion but, significantly, degranulation is limited to the underside of cast cuticles where the resultant debris is endocytosed by macrophage/epithelioid cells. A pronounced asymmetry in the granulomatous lesion, evident even in the earliest cysts, results from the accumulation of individual epithelioid granulomas associated with cuticle fragments close to the ventral side of the developing parasite; each is circumscribed by fibrosis. External to this region are extensive tracts of tissue composed of mature plasma cells. Particularly in rats, large numbers of partially degranulated mast cells ( = globule leucocytes) also surround cuticle granulomas, and mast cell granules can accumulate within macrophages and fibroblasts. Inflammation slowly subsides once the infective stage is attained. This 1 cm-long larva resides in a thin, fibrotic, C-shaped cyst and can remain viable for years: uniquely this instar retains its last moulted cuticle as a protective sheath. Nymphal instars II-VI feed predominantly upon eosinophils but we do not yet know whether this requirement is obligate.

A proposed three-host life history of Monascusfiliformis (Rudolphi, 1819) (Digenea: Fellodi-stomidae) in the southwest Atlantic Ocean

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1198-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Martorelli ◽  
F Cremonte
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
First Record ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Southwest Atlantic ◽  
Experimental Scheme ◽  
The North

This is the first record of cercariae of Monascus filiformis (Rudolphi, 1819) and of Chaetognatha as a secondintermediate host in the southwest Atlantic Ocean. The morphology of the sporocyst and cercaria from Nucula obliqua (Bivalvia:Nuculidae) and a full description of the metacercaria from hydromedusae are given. The life cycle of M. filiformis involves threehosts. The bivalve N. obliqua is the first intermediate host, Chaetognatha and medusae are the second intermediate hosts, and thejurel Trachurus lathami (Pisces: Carangidae) is the final host. The life cycle of M. filiformis occurs in shallow waters in theArgentine Sea and differs from Køie’s experimental scheme for the North Sea in the addition of planktonic invertebrates assecond intermediate hosts. The life cycle proposed here follows the general pattern given for the family Fellodistomidae.

Crawling behaviour of the amphipod Corophium volutator and foraging by Semipalmated Sandpipers, Calidris pusilla

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sherman Boates ◽  
Peter C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
Intertidal Mudflat ◽  
Sharp Reduction ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Calidris Pusilla ◽  
Semipalmated Sandpipers

During late spring and summer, the crawling behaviour of the amphipod Corophium volutator was studied on an intertidal mudflat in the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia. On average, less than 1% of the population crawled on any tide and these individuals tended to be large adults that were predominantly males. Animals emerged as the tide receded but most had crawled into burrows after 25 min. The crawling behaviour did not seem to be related to the lunar cycle as was expected; however, there was a sharp reduction in crawling activity (from 36.3 to 1.2 amphipods/m2) in July that coincided with the arrival of Semipalmated Sandpipers, Calidris pusilla, an abundant seasonal predator. The proportion of males in the amphipod population declined during the period when sandpipers were present. It appears that both a change in amphipod behaviour and depletion of the animals most prone to crawling may contribute to the observed reduction in crawling activity. Qualitative and quantitative evidence show that sandpipers were attracted to the tide edge where crawling amphipods were relatively abundant and that they increased their food intake by doing so.

Migration, growth, and morphogenesis of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Frederick Joseph Crichton ◽  
Mary Beverley-Burton
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Migratory Route

Larvae of Dracunculus insignis developed to the infective stage in experimentally infected Cyclops vernalis and C. bicuspidatus thomasi kept at 24 C. The first molt occurred at 8–9 days and the second at 13–16 days. Second- and third-stage larvae are briefly described. Infective larvae were administered to raccoon (Procyon lotor) and mink (Mustela vison) and necropsies were performed at predetermined intervals for the determination of the migratory route. In raccoon, third-stage larvae were recovered from the gut wall and mesentery of the abdominal cavity on the 1st day. Larvae were found in the intercostal muscles by the 5th day and in the subcutaneous tissue of the thorax and abdomen by the 7th day. Development to fourth stage was complete by the 19th day. Sexual differences were apparent by the 34th day and worms were present in subcutaneous tissue of the thorax, abdomen, and inguinal region. Male worms were mature at 60 days and females at 65–70 days. Larvigerous females were found in the extremities as early as 120 days post infection. The prepatent period was 354 (309–410) days. Similar results were obtained from mink. Quantitative data on the distribution of worms in various locations within the final host at different times after infection are included.

scholarly journals The helminth infracommunities of the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) two years after the fire in Mediterranean forests

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Torre ◽  
A. Arrizabalaga ◽  
C. Feliu ◽  
A. Ribas
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Wood Mouse ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Mediterranean Forests ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Wood Mice ◽  
Short Period

AbstractParasites have been recognized as indicators for natural or man-induced environmental stress and perturbation. In this article, we investigated the role of two non-exclusive hypotheses on the response of helminths of wood mice to fire perturbation: 1) a reduction of the helminth infracommunity (species richness) in post-fire areas due to the temporal lack of worms with indirect (complex) life cycles linked to intermediate hosts that are more specialized than the final host, and 2) an increase of the abundance of helminths with direct (simple) life cycles as a response of increasing abundances of the final host, may be in stressful conditions linked to the post-fire recolonization process.We studied the helminth infracommunities of 97 wood mice in two recently burned plots (two years after the fire) and two control plots in Mediterranean forests of NE Spain. Species richness of helminths found in control plots (n = 14) was twice large than in burned ones (n = 7). Six helminth species were negatively affected by fire perturbation and were mainly or only found in unburned plots. Fire increased the homogeneity of helminth infracommunities, and burned plots were characterised by higher dominance, and higher parasitation intensity. We found a gradient of frequency of occurrence of helminth species according to life cycle complexity in burned areas, being more frequent monoxenous (66.6 %), than diheteroxenous (33.3 %) and triheteroxenous (0 %), confirming the utility of helminths as bioindicators for ecosystem perturbations. Despite the short period studied, our results pointed out an increase in the abundance and prevalence of some direct life cycle helminths in early postfire stages, whereas indirect life cycle helminths were almost absent. A mismatch between the final host (that showed a fast recovery shortly after the fire), and the intermediate hosts (that showed slow recoveries shortly after the fire), was responsible for the loss of half of the helminth species.

Variation in the vector competence of Aedes polynesiensis for Wuchereria bancrofti

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-B. Failloux ◽  
M. Raymond ◽  
A. Ung ◽  
P. Glaziou ◽  
P. M. V. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mosquito Mortality ◽  
Aedes Polynesiensis ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYThe vector competences of 6 geographic strains of Aedes polynesiensis for Wuchereria bancrofti were studied using two types of experimental infections. Experimental infection of laboratory-bred mosquitoes fed on the carriers' forearms with different levels of microfilaraemia showed that microfilariae (mf) uptake was directly proportional to the carrier's mf density and, as mf densities decreased, concentration capacity of Ae. polynesiensis increased. It was also shown that infection has an important effect on mosquito mortality, and that the mortality rate differed among mosquito strains. In infections using artificial feeders, the mf uptake was closely regulated, thus showing differences in the vectorial efficiency of Ae. polynesiensis related to the geographic origin of the mosquito strain. The mosquitoes from the Society archipelago were more efficient intermediate hosts than geographically distant strains when infected with W. bancrofti from an island within the archipelago (Tahiti). Mosquito strains from the Society archipelago developed the highest proportion of infective-stage larvae and exhibited the lowest mortality rate when infected with sympatric Tahitian W. bancrofti.

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