Repeat sexual maturation of precocious male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transferred to seawater

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
Daniel D. Heath ◽  
David J. Randall ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmon Parr ◽  
And Control

Precocious sexual maturation in salmonid parr occurs under both wild and culture conditions. We investigated the possibility of repeat maturation in precocious chinook salmon parr from the Nicola River, British Columbia. Precocious and immature (control) yearling parr were reared in fresh water from March 1990 to mid-June, and then transferred to salt water (29–30 ppt) until September 1990. The precocious parr were significantly larger than the controls from March to July and there were no differences in relative growth rate between the groups throughout the study. Total mortalities were 45.7 and 5.9% for precocious and control fish, respectively. All of the precocious, but none of the control fish, produced milt in March in fresh water. None of the fish produced milt soon after the transfer to salt water in June, but all precocious fish and 18.8% of the controls produced milt in September. There were no significant differences in the average plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl−, and cortisol between groups in September, suggesting that both precocious parr and control groups were saltwater competent. These data demonstrate that male precocious chinook salmon parr have the physiological capability to mature more than once in seawater.

Stress and saltwater-entry behavior of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): conflicts in physiological motivation

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 910-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Seals Price ◽  
Carl B Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Predator Model ◽  
Entry Behavior ◽  
Severe Stressor

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a mild or severe stressor on the saltwater preference of juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). To observe the response of fish to an overhead threat, we presented stressed fish with an avian predator model in the second experiment. Experiments were conducted in 757-L tanks containing a stable vertical salinity gradient. Only 69% of fish stressed by being chased for 2 min before saltwater introduction (mild stressor) held in salt water, whereas 95% of unchased control fish preferred the saltwater layer. After the more severe handling and confinement stressor, only 20% of fish entered and remained in salt water compared with 100% of unstressed controls. After the presentation of the avian model, stressed fish holding in fresh water moved into the saltwater layer, but this behavioral response was transient. Fish began returning to fresh water within 10 min, and after 1 h, only 26% of stressed fish remained in the saltwater layer. Stress significantly decreases the saltwater preference of chinook salmon that would otherwise select full-strength salt water and may affect behavior in the estuary. Although smoltification primes these fish for seawater residence, stress apparently induced a conflicting physiological motivation.

Sperm traits in Chinook salmon depend upon activation medium: implications for studies of sperm competition in fishes

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 920-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rosengrave ◽  
R. Montgomerie ◽  
V. J. Metcalf ◽  
K. McBride ◽  
N. J. Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Ovarian Fluid ◽  
Sperm Swimming Speed ◽  
Sperm Traits

Sperm traits of externally fertilizing fish species are typically measured in fresh (or salt) water, even though the spawning environment of their ova contains ovarian fluid. In this study, we measured sperm traits of Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) in both fresh water and dilute ovarian fluid at 10 and 20 s postactivation, using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. Spermatozoa swam faster, and had both higher percent motility and a straighter path trajectory for a longer period of forward motility when activated in ovarian fluid compared with activation in fresh water. Comparing sperm activity of 10 males in water versus ovarian fluid, we found a weak but significant correlation for sperm swimming speed at 10 s postactivation (r = 0.34, p = 0.01), but not for any other sperm traits measured. Most important, across males, mean sperm swimming speed in water accounted for <10% of the observed variation in mean sperm swimming speed in ovarian fluid. Thus, we argue that sperm traits measured in fresh water are not particularly relevant to those same traits during normal spawning in this species. We suggest that sperm performance measured in fresh water should be used with caution when comparing the potential for individual males to fertilize ova, especially in studies of sperm competition in externally fertilizing species.

Migration and rearing histories of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) determined by ion microprobe Sr isotope and Sr/Ca transects of otoliths

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2425-2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R Bacon ◽  
Peter K Weber ◽  
Kimberly A Larsen ◽  
Reginald Reisenbichler ◽  
John A Fitzpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Ion Microprobe ◽  
Skagit River

Strontium isotope and Sr/Ca ratios measured in situ by ion microprobe along radial transects of otoliths of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) vary between watersheds with contrasting geology. Otoliths from ocean-type chinook from Skagit River estuary, Washington, had prehatch regions with 87Sr/86Sr ratios of ~0.709, suggesting a maternally inherited marine signature, extensive fresh water growth zones with 87Sr/86Sr ratios similar to those of the Skagit River at ~0.705, and marine-like 87Sr/86Sr ratios near their edges. Otoliths from stream-type chinook from central Idaho had prehatch 87Sr/86Sr ratios ≥0.711, indicating that a maternal marine Sr isotopic signature is not preserved after the ~1000- to 1400-km migration from the Pacific Ocean. 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the outer portions of otoliths from these Idaho juveniles were similar to those of their respective streams (~0.708–0.722). For Skagit juveniles, fresh water growth was marked by small decreases in otolith Sr/Ca, with increases in Sr/Ca corresponding to increases in 87Sr/86Sr with migration into salt water. Otoliths of Idaho fish had Sr/Ca radial variation patterns that record seasonal fluctuation in ambient water Sr/Ca ratios. The ion microprobe's ability to measure both 87Sr/86Sr and Sr/Ca ratios of otoliths at high spatial resolution in situ provides a new tool for studies of fish rearing and migration.

Spawning Migration of Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Carrying External and Internal Radio Transmitters

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1060-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Gray ◽  
James M. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Control Adult ◽  
And Control

Upstream movements of radio-tagged and control adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were monitored during spring and fall 1976 and spring 1977 in the lower Snake River, southeastern Washington. Travel time from point of fish release and percent return to upstream trapping facilities were compared for experimental and control fish. Experimental fish carried anchor tags, and either external or internal radio transmitters. Control fish carried anchor tags only. Chinook salmon that lost external transmitters moved upriver more slowly than control fish although percent returns to upriver trapping facilities were similar. Travel times and percent returns of chinook salmon that retained external transmitters did not differ significantly from those of control fish. Although some salmon tagged with internal transmitters moved upriver, all failed to cross Little Goose Dam 6.5 km from the release site. Most internally tagged salmon eventually swam downstream. Key words: chinook salmon, biotelemetry, behavior, migration, radiotelemetry, bioengineering

Predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) subjected to sublethal exposures of gas-supersaturated water

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Mesa ◽  
J J Warren
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Unexposed Control ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

To assess the effects of gas bubble trauma (GBT) on the predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we created groups of fish that differed in prevalence and severity of gas emboli in their lateral lines, fins, and gills by exposing them to 112% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 13 days, 120% TDG for 8 h, or 130% TDG for 3.5 h. We subjected exposed and unexposed control fish simultaneously to predation by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) in water of normal gas saturation in 6, 18, and 10 tests using prey exposed to 112, 120, and 130% TDG, respectively. Only fish exposed to 130% TDG showed a significant increase in vulnerability to predation. The signs of GBT exhibited by fish sampled just prior to predator exposure were generally more severe in fish exposed to 130% TDG, which had the most extensive occlusion of the lateral line and gill filaments with gas emboli. Fish exposed to 112% TDG had the most severe signs of GBT in the fins. Our results suggest that fish showing GBT signs similar to those of our fish exposed to 130% TDG, regardless of their precise exposure history, may be more vulnerable to predation.

Stimulation of Plasma Thyroxine Levels by Novel Water Chemistry during Smoltification in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1513-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Hoffnagle ◽  
Albert J. Fivizzani
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Freshwater Population ◽  
Artificial Photoperiod ◽  
Stimulation Of

The separate influences of changes in water chemistry and flow rate on plasma thyroxine levels were assessed in a freshwater population of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) undergoing smoltification. Fish subjected to a change in water source had plasma thyroxine levels significantly greater than those of controls on several sampling dates. Maximum levels were observed 10 d after water change. Conversely, plasma thyroxine levels in fish for which the flow rate was increased showed little change and were never significantly different from controls. Plasma thyroxine levels were greater in fish held under a natural rather than artificial photoperiod but the patterns of change were similar in the two groups. Control fish transported to a new hatchery and novel water source attained plasma thyroxine levels which were even greater than those of novel water-exposed fish at the original hatchery. The results indicated that altered water chemistry rather than increased flow rate was the stimulus for the elevation in plasma thyroxine levels associated with smoltification in these chinook salmon.

PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF CORTISOL IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED AND SODIUM CHLORIDE-ADAPTED GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUELINE PORTHÉ-NIBELLE ◽  
BRAHIM LAHLOU
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration

SUMMARY Plasma cortisol concentrations, measured by competitive protein-binding, were examined in intact and hypophysectomized goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) adapted to fresh water or to 210 mm-sodium chloride solutions. The mean plasma cortisol concentration of freshwater-adapted fish (6·6 ± 1·8 (s.e.m.) μg/100 ml plasma) increased after stress and intraperitoneal injections of mammalian corticotrophin. Hypophysectomy resulted in a reduction in plasma cortisol concentration to about 2 μg/100 ml plasma. Transfer of fish to sodium chloride solutions caused rapid, but transitory increases in the plasma cortisol concentrations in intact, but not in hypophysectomized fish. After 3 days in the sodium chloride solution the cortisol levels were similar to those of control fish kept in fresh water. The plasma concentrations of this corticosteroid in goldfish appear to be unrelated to external salinity, although a 'mineralocorticoid' action of the hormone cannot be excluded.

Roles of Olfaction and Vision in Choice of Spawning Site by Homing Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Groves ◽  
Gerald B. Collins ◽  
Parker S. Trefethen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Fish Hatchery ◽  
Spawning Site

An experiment was conducted to examine the roles of olfaction and vision in directing the choice of spawning site by homing adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the lower Columbia River. Male fish that voluntarily entered the Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery were treated to occlude their olfactory or visual senses or both. Treated and untreated (control) fish were released upstream and downstream in the river, more than 19 km from the hatchery. Effects were assessed by analyzing returns to the hatchery and to other points.Of 866 fish released, 348 or 40% were recovered; about half of them, or 176 returned to Spring Creek. Three per cent of the olfactory occluded, 23% of the visually occluded, and 46% of the control fish returned to Spring Creek. Of the fish recovered elsewhere, 77% were recovered at hatcheries and spawn-taking sites along the lower Columbia; 23% were recovered from sources unrelated to spawn taking.Olfaction appeared to be the key sense that directed the return of these fish to Spring Creek; vision was held to be less important. Olfactory occlusion also reduced the recoveries at other spawn-taking sites, where blinded fish were recovered in appreciable numbers. Recovery of the control fish, especially the smaller ones, at other spawn-taking sites was associated with advancing sexual maturity.

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