Stimulation of Plasma Thyroxine Levels by Novel Water Chemistry during Smoltification in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1513-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Hoffnagle ◽  
Albert J. Fivizzani
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Freshwater Population ◽  
Artificial Photoperiod ◽  
Stimulation Of

The separate influences of changes in water chemistry and flow rate on plasma thyroxine levels were assessed in a freshwater population of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) undergoing smoltification. Fish subjected to a change in water source had plasma thyroxine levels significantly greater than those of controls on several sampling dates. Maximum levels were observed 10 d after water change. Conversely, plasma thyroxine levels in fish for which the flow rate was increased showed little change and were never significantly different from controls. Plasma thyroxine levels were greater in fish held under a natural rather than artificial photoperiod but the patterns of change were similar in the two groups. Control fish transported to a new hatchery and novel water source attained plasma thyroxine levels which were even greater than those of novel water-exposed fish at the original hatchery. The results indicated that altered water chemistry rather than increased flow rate was the stimulus for the elevation in plasma thyroxine levels associated with smoltification in these chinook salmon.

Predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) subjected to sublethal exposures of gas-supersaturated water

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Mesa ◽  
J J Warren
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Unexposed Control ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

To assess the effects of gas bubble trauma (GBT) on the predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we created groups of fish that differed in prevalence and severity of gas emboli in their lateral lines, fins, and gills by exposing them to 112% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 13 days, 120% TDG for 8 h, or 130% TDG for 3.5 h. We subjected exposed and unexposed control fish simultaneously to predation by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) in water of normal gas saturation in 6, 18, and 10 tests using prey exposed to 112, 120, and 130% TDG, respectively. Only fish exposed to 130% TDG showed a significant increase in vulnerability to predation. The signs of GBT exhibited by fish sampled just prior to predator exposure were generally more severe in fish exposed to 130% TDG, which had the most extensive occlusion of the lateral line and gill filaments with gas emboli. Fish exposed to 112% TDG had the most severe signs of GBT in the fins. Our results suggest that fish showing GBT signs similar to those of our fish exposed to 130% TDG, regardless of their precise exposure history, may be more vulnerable to predation.

Roles of Olfaction and Vision in Choice of Spawning Site by Homing Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Groves ◽  
Gerald B. Collins ◽  
Parker S. Trefethen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Fish Hatchery ◽  
Spawning Site

An experiment was conducted to examine the roles of olfaction and vision in directing the choice of spawning site by homing adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the lower Columbia River. Male fish that voluntarily entered the Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery were treated to occlude their olfactory or visual senses or both. Treated and untreated (control) fish were released upstream and downstream in the river, more than 19 km from the hatchery. Effects were assessed by analyzing returns to the hatchery and to other points.Of 866 fish released, 348 or 40% were recovered; about half of them, or 176 returned to Spring Creek. Three per cent of the olfactory occluded, 23% of the visually occluded, and 46% of the control fish returned to Spring Creek. Of the fish recovered elsewhere, 77% were recovered at hatcheries and spawn-taking sites along the lower Columbia; 23% were recovered from sources unrelated to spawn taking.Olfaction appeared to be the key sense that directed the return of these fish to Spring Creek; vision was held to be less important. Olfactory occlusion also reduced the recoveries at other spawn-taking sites, where blinded fish were recovered in appreciable numbers. Recovery of the control fish, especially the smaller ones, at other spawn-taking sites was associated with advancing sexual maturity.

Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on swimming performance and predator avoidance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah S Adams ◽  
Dennis W Rondorf ◽  
Scott D Evans ◽  
Joseph E Kelly ◽  
Russell W Perry
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Surgical Implants ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Radiotelemetry data are often used to make inferences about an entire study population; therefore, the transmitter attachment method should be the one that least affects the study animal. Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) <120 mm in fork length (FL) with either gastrically or surgically implanted transmitters had significantly lower critical swimming speeds than control fish 1 and 19-23 days after tagging. For fish >120 mm FL, fish with gastric implants swam as well as controls 1 day but not 19-23 days after tagging. In contrast, fish with surgical implants swam as well as controls 19-23 days but not 1 day after tagging. During predation trials, fish with gastric or surgical implants were eaten by smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in significantly greater numbers than controls. We do not recommend implanting transmitters (representing 4.6-10.4% of the fish's body weight) in fish <120 mm FL. Furthermore, surgical implants (representing 2.2-5.6% of the fish's body weight) may be the preferred method for biotelemetry studies of juvenile chinook salmon >120 mm FL.

Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1599-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G Mesa ◽  
Thomas P Poe ◽  
Alec G Maule ◽  
Carl B Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

We experimentally infected juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), to examine the vulnerability to predation of fish with differing levels of Rs infection and assess physiological change during progression of the disease. Immersion challenges conducted during 1992 and 1994 produced fish with either a low to moderate (1992) or high (1994) infection level of Rs during the 14-week postchallenge rearing period. When equal numbers of treatment and unchallenged control fish were subjected to predation by either northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), Rs-challenged fish were eaten in significantly greater numbers than controls by nearly two to one. In 1994, we also sampled fish every 2 weeks after the challenge to determine some stressful effects of Rs infection. During disease progression in fish, plasma cortisol and lactate increased significantly whereas glucose decreased significantly. Our results indicate the role that BKD may play in predator-prey interactions, thus ascribing some ecological significance to this disease beyond that of direct pathogen-related mortality. In addition, the physiological changes observed in our fish during the chronic progression of BKD indicate that this disease is stressful, particularly during the later stages.

Respiratory Response of Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Striped Bass Exposed to Benzene, a Water-Soluble Component of Crude Oil

1973 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Brocksen ◽  
Howard T. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

ABSTRACT Interest surrounding the potential effects of crude oil on aquatic organisms has increased in recent years due to the incidence of accidental oil spills. There are few experimental results reported, however, dealing with the effect on aquatic species of water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons contained in crude oil. Such compounds are highly toxic to mammals. Experiments were conducted using juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the aromatic hydrocarbon benzene, for periods ranging from 1–96 hours. Prior to exposure, and after exposure to the benzene, respiration rates of individual fish were measured. Results show increases in respiratory rate up to 115 percent above that of control fish after exposure periods of 24 hours for striped bass and 48 hours for chinook salmon. Fish exposed to benzene concentrations of 10 ppm for periods longer than those listed exhibited a narcosis that caused a decrease in respiratory rate. The narcotic state induced by exposure to benzene was shown to be reversible when the fish were placed in fresh water and kept for periods longer than 6 days. Possible biochemical mechanisms leading to this response are hypothesized.

Effects of Biotreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Fingerling Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 846-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Servizi ◽  
R.W. Gordon ◽  
D. W. Martens ◽  
W. L. Lockhart ◽  
D. A. Metner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Chain Growth ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Interrenal Cells ◽  
Liver Somatic Index ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Laboratory Exposure

Fingerling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were chronically exposed in the laboratory to nonlethal biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (TBKME) at concentrations and temperatures typical of the Fraser River. Laboratory exposure was for 144 d in freshwater followed by 66 d in seawater without TBKME. Exposed fish bioconcentrated chlorophenols, chloroguiacols, and extractable organochlorine substances in proportion to the aqueous concentrations of the substances. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD's) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF's) were also bioaccumulated, but the low body burdens compared with wild fingerling chinook indicated that the laboratory environment did not account for biomagnification via the food chain. Growth, mortality, hematocrit, protein and fat content, liver somatic index, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and tolerance to hypoxia were not affected by TBKME exposure. Increased nuclear diameters of interrenal cells among TBKME-exposed fish indicated that these fish were experiencing chronic stress. Hepatic and renal granulomas of Bacterial Kidney Disease origin were observed in some TBKME-exposed fish, but there was only a tenuous link between TBKME exposure and disease resistance. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was correlated with dioxin toxic equivalency (TEQ). From this analysis, we estimated a threshold for EROD induction between 0.3 and 1.0 ng TEQ∙kg−1.

Anesthetic and Handling Stress on Survival and Cortisol Concentration in Yearling Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Strange ◽  
Carl B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Protein Binding Assay ◽  
Competitive Protein Binding Assay ◽  
Competitive Protein Binding ◽  
Initial Capture

Brief anesthetization with 50 mg/L buffered MS-222® (ethyl m-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate) of yearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during mild handling caused no change in plasma cortisol concentrations compared with levels in non-anesthetized fish. Prolonged exposure (180 min) to a depressing dose of buffered MS-222® (25 mg/L) elevated cortisol more than an immobilizing dose (50 mg/L), while 100 mg/L was lethal within 30 min. Fish anesthetized (50 mg/L MS-222®) during a severe 30-min handling stress had significantly lower mortality than controls to a second handling stress applied when the fish were no longer anesthetized. Anesthetization during the first stressor also prevented the cortisol stress response evident in the control fish. Anesthetic (with or without buffer) administered before initial capture was most effective at increasing survival during a second stressor, while anesthetic supplied after initial capture may have been slightly less effective. A 0.5% NaCl solution supplied after capture was less effective than any anesthetic treatment in increasing future survival, but was better than no treatment. Saline treatment did not attenuate the cortisol stress response. A rapid method of plasma sample preparation for competitive protein binding assay of cortisol was developed. Key words: chinook salmon, cortisol, stress, anesthetic, cortisol assay, survival

Repeat sexual maturation of precocious male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transferred to seawater

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
Daniel D. Heath ◽  
David J. Randall ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmon Parr ◽  
And Control

Precocious sexual maturation in salmonid parr occurs under both wild and culture conditions. We investigated the possibility of repeat maturation in precocious chinook salmon parr from the Nicola River, British Columbia. Precocious and immature (control) yearling parr were reared in fresh water from March 1990 to mid-June, and then transferred to salt water (29–30 ppt) until September 1990. The precocious parr were significantly larger than the controls from March to July and there were no differences in relative growth rate between the groups throughout the study. Total mortalities were 45.7 and 5.9% for precocious and control fish, respectively. All of the precocious, but none of the control fish, produced milt in March in fresh water. None of the fish produced milt soon after the transfer to salt water in June, but all precocious fish and 18.8% of the controls produced milt in September. There were no significant differences in the average plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl−, and cortisol between groups in September, suggesting that both precocious parr and control groups were saltwater competent. These data demonstrate that male precocious chinook salmon parr have the physiological capability to mature more than once in seawater.

Altered growth and related physiological responses in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2364-2376 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Meador ◽  
F C Sommers ◽  
G M Ylitalo ◽  
C A Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

A dietary feeding study with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was conducted with juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to mimic exposure from urban estuaries during their transition from freshwater to seawater. A significant reduction in mean fish dry weight was observed only for the highest doses; however, analysis of variance (ANOVA) using standard deviations and examination of the cumulative frequency plots revealed high variability among all treatments. The skewed fish weight distribution revealed a large number of small fish in several treatments compared with control fish. Analyses of whole-body lipids and several parameters in blood plasma related to growth and metabolism indicated alterations for most treatments. These results and trends in growth, plasma chemistry, and lipids as a consequence of PAH exposure were similar to those in fish exhibiting starvation, which we have termed "toxicant-induced starvation". Based on these results, we conclude that PAHs are toxic to salmonids at this life stage and the reduction in biomass and lipid stores observed here would have the potential to cause increased mortality for individuals during their first winter.

Stress and saltwater-entry behavior of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): conflicts in physiological motivation

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 910-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Seals Price ◽  
Carl B Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Predator Model ◽  
Entry Behavior ◽  
Severe Stressor

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a mild or severe stressor on the saltwater preference of juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). To observe the response of fish to an overhead threat, we presented stressed fish with an avian predator model in the second experiment. Experiments were conducted in 757-L tanks containing a stable vertical salinity gradient. Only 69% of fish stressed by being chased for 2 min before saltwater introduction (mild stressor) held in salt water, whereas 95% of unchased control fish preferred the saltwater layer. After the more severe handling and confinement stressor, only 20% of fish entered and remained in salt water compared with 100% of unstressed controls. After the presentation of the avian model, stressed fish holding in fresh water moved into the saltwater layer, but this behavioral response was transient. Fish began returning to fresh water within 10 min, and after 1 h, only 26% of stressed fish remained in the saltwater layer. Stress significantly decreases the saltwater preference of chinook salmon that would otherwise select full-strength salt water and may affect behavior in the estuary. Although smoltification primes these fish for seawater residence, stress apparently induced a conflicting physiological motivation.

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