Water balance and food consumption in dehydrated growing jirds (Meriones shawi shawi)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malika Sahni ◽  
Jacqueline Peignoux-Deville ◽  
Evelyne Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
And Performance

This study was an investigation of the degree to which water conservation is adapted in jirds (Meriones shawi shawi) when dehydration occurs during growth. During total water deprivation, three different stages became evident. For the first 7 days of total dehydration food intake decreased, then it stabilized over the next 4 weeks, until it approached the initial amounts, and finally increased to twice control levels. Analysis of changes water flux in growing M. s. shawi, with and without a supply of water, revealed that dehydrated animals are able to develop physiological tolerance and performance with respect to their water balance. The excretion of hyperosmotic urine in response to prolonged dehydration is intimately linked to the adaptive morphological kidney changes, i.e., selective hypertrophy, that we observed.

Dehydration tolerance in Awassi fat-tailed sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Laden ◽  
L. Nehmadi ◽  
R. Yagil
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Urine Excretion ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Active Substances

Young Awassi sheep were subjected to 5-d periods of complete water restriction in metabolic cages. During water deprivation there were steady declines in food intake and faeces and urine excretion. The blood haematocrit and urine and plasma osmolalities increased. There was a decline in blood and faecal water. As dehydration progressed, urinary excretion of osmotically active substances was greatly reduced. When drinking water was presented following 5 d of restriction it took 24 h to replace water losses and for urine to be excreted. Faecal water did not return to normal within 24 h. The sheep were as capable of withstanding dehydration as the other small desert ruminants that are mentioned in the literature. The dehydrated sheep relied on faecal and renal water conservation to survive. The sheep are not rapid replenishers of water losses, nor are they rapid reabsorbers of water, making their stay at water holes longer than that of goats.

Sea Water Drinking and Water Flux in Starved and in Fed Harbor Seals, Phoca vitulina

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Depocas ◽  
J. Sanford Hart ◽  
H. Dean Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Harbor Seals ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals

Harbor seals maintained in sea water were either starved or fed graded amounts of herring of known water and total chloride contents. Total body water and exchangeable chloride in the seals were measured by initial dilution of injected tritiated water and Na36Cl. The decline in specific activities of plasma water and chloride was then followed for 12 to 14 days. Average daily fluxes of water and Cl− were calculated. Sea water ingestion was calculated from the daily chloride flux and the chloride contents of the food and sea water. In five animals fed from 0 to 1500 g herring/day, total water flux was linearly related to food intake and ranged from 500 to 1590 ml water per day. In the same animals ingested sea water and metabolic plus inspired water were also linearly related to food intake, and ranged respectively from 35 to 140 ml and 470 to 625 ml water per day. The data provide definitive evidence that starving Harbor seals derive sufficient oxidative water to satisfy the major part of their needs and that they drink very little sea water. In feeding seals the sum of preformed water and metabolic plus inspired water accounts for about 90% of the total water flux, which is comparable in magnitude to that of most terrestrial mammals. The small volume of sea water ingested by Harbor seals, and its linear relationship to food intake, show compellingly that sea water ingestion is coincident to swallowing food under water rather than due to deliberate drinking.

scholarly journals Effect of ultraprocessed food intake on cardiometabolic risk is mediated by diet quality: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjnph-2020-000225
Author(s):  
Jennifer Griffin ◽  
Anwar Albaloul ◽  
Alexandra Kopytek ◽  
Paul Elliott ◽  
Gary Frost
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Occupational Cohort

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of the consumption of ultraprocessed food on diet quality, and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in an occupational cohort.DesignCross-sectional.SettingOccupational cohort.Participants53 163 British police force employees enrolled (2004–2012) into the Airwave Health Monitoring Study. A total of 28 forces across the UK agreed to participate. 9009 participants with available 7-day diet record data and complete co-variate data are reported in this study.Main outcome measuresA CMR and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score were treated as continuous variables and used to generate measures of cardiometabolic health and diet quality. Secondary outcome measures include percentage of energy from fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, protein and non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) and fibre grams per 1000 kcal of energy intake.ResultsIn this cohort, 58.3%±11.6 of total energy intake was derived from ultraprocessed (NOVA 4) foods. Ultraprocessed food intake was negatively correlated with diet quality (r=−0.32, p<0.001), fibre (r=−0.20, p<0.001) and protein (r = −0.40, p<0.001) and positively correlated with fat (r=0.18, p<0.001), saturated fat (r=0.14, p<0.001) and nmes (r=0.10, p<0.001) intake . Multivariable analysis suggests a positive association between ultraprocessed food (NOVA 4) consumption and CMR. However, this main effect was no longer observed after adjustment for diet quality (p=0.209). Findings from mediation analysis indicate that the effect of ultraprocessed food (NOVA 4) intake on CMR is mediated by diet quality (p<0.001).ConclusionsUltraprocessed food consumption is associated with a deterioration in diet quality and positively associated with CMR, although this association is mediated by and dependent on the quality of the diet. The negative impact of ultraprocessed food consumption on diet quality needs to be addressed and controlled studies are needed to fully comprehend whether the relationship between ultraprocessed food consumption and health is independent to its relationship with poor diet quality.

scholarly journals Hydration status, body composition, and anxiety status in aeronautical military personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Carretero-Krug ◽  
Natalia Úbeda ◽  
Carlos Velasco ◽  
Juan Medina-Font ◽  
Trinidad Trujillo Laguna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Total Water Intake

Abstract Background An adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a Spanish group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety. Methods A total of 188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. Based on these methods, the criteria of hydration were established. Results Of the total sample, 81% met the hydration criteria (urine color = well hydrated, water balance ≥ 0 ml, and total water intake/weight ≥ 35 ml/kg), and 19% did not meet the hydration criteria (urine color = not sufficiently hydrated or dehydrated, water balance < 0 ml, and total water intake/weight < 35 ml/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score = 4 vs. 3, P = 0.026), weight [(84.7 ± 10.5) vs. (80.5 ± 10.2) kg], body mass index [(26.3 ± 3.1) vs. (25.2 ± 2.8)]kg/m2, body fat [(22.3 ± 5.6) vs. (18.3 ± 6.5)] %, urine specific gravity, and urine color. Using a logistic binary regression model, hydration status was related significantly with the percentage of body fat (P = 0.004), but no relation was found with age, comorbidities, or medications. Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (r = 0.357, P = 0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (r = − 0.427, P = 0.000), percentage of body fat (r = − 0.405, P = 0.000), and waist/hip ratio (r = − 0.223, P = 0.002). Based on a linear regression model, total water intake/weight was related significantly with percentage of body fat (P = 0.001) and percentage of body water content (P = 0.035). No relation was found, however, with waist/hip ratio, age, comorbidities, or medications. Conclusions These findings all suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition but also set the bases for future studies that relate hydration status and anxiety status. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel.

scholarly journals Exploring the relationship between health literacy and fast food consumption: a population-based study from southern Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Namdar ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Naghizadeh ◽  
Marziyeh Zamani ◽  
Ali Montazeri
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Southern Iran ◽  
Fast Food Consumption

Abstract Background Health literacy (HL) may affect the consumption of fast food. We aimed to evaluate the effect of HL on fast food consumption among adult populations in Iran. Methods We evaluated HL and fast food consumption in 421 adult participants with age range of 18–65 years old in Fasa, Fars Province, southern Iran. Two-step cluster and systematic sampling was performed to recruit the study sample. Data were collected using a fast food consumption checklist, and the Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA) by face-to-face interviews. Population data across groups with and without fast food intake were compared. Results Most participants used fast food every few months (49.9%). People with low or unstable income consumed more fast food than others (P < 0.05). Sandwich and hotdog were the most consumed fast food (60.8%) followed by pizza (34.9%). Sausage and soda were the most seasoning food (66.7%). Most participants used fast food as dinner (67.9%) and with family (72.2%), suggesting the institutionalized consumption of this type of food in the family. Fun was the most frequent reason for the use of fast food (66.5%). Most participants completely knew about the raw materials for fast food and their adverse effects. Finally, we found that overall health literacy was lower among those who used fast food than those who did not. Consumed fast food (68.16 ± 23.85 vs. 73.15 ± 20.15; p = 0.021). This difference was also observed for some components of health literacy including reading skills, and decision-making subscales. Conclusions The findings suggest there is a negative relationship between general health literacy and fast food consumption indicating that who possess lower level of health literacy is likely to consume more fast food. Specifically, the findings suggest that reading skills, and decision-making (behavioral intention) are more associated with decreased or increased fast food intake.

Effect of Modified NanoSiO2 Agents on the Morphologies and Performances of UHMWPE Microporous Membrane via Thermally Induced Phase Separation

2016 ◽  
Vol 848 ◽  
pp. 726-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Liu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Zu Ming Hu ◽  
Jun Rong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Microporous Membranes ◽  
Thermally Induced Phase Separation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Surface Modified ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

The effects of Modified NanoSiO2 Agents on the morphology and performance of ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) microporous membranes via thermally induced phase separation were investigated in this work. The NanoSiO2 was surface modified by silane coupling agent KH570 (KH570-NanoSiO2). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were performed to obtain crystallization of UHMWPE/white oil/ KH570-NanoSiO2 doped system. The morphology and performance of the prepared UHMWPE microporous membranes were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microfiltration experiments. The results showed that the morphology of UHMWPE membrane could be disturbed by KH570-NanoSiO2. Porosity and the rejection of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) of the blend membrane increased with increasing concentration of Modified NanoSiO2, while the water flux slightly decreased.

Linking soil water and solutes fluxes to soil properties and vegetation types: insights from a case-study in the high tropical Andes of Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Páez-Bimos ◽  
Veerle Vanacker ◽  
Marcos Villacis ◽  
Marlon Calispa ◽  
Oscar Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Solute Fluxes ◽  
Doc Concentration ◽  
Water Conservation Area

&lt;p&gt;The high tropical Andes ecosystem, known as p&amp;#225;ramo, provides important hydrological services to densely populated areas in the Andean region. In order to manage these services sustainably, it is crucial to understand the biotic and abiotic processes that control both water quality and fluxes. Recent research in the p&amp;#225;ramo highlights a knowledge gap regarding the role played by soil-vegetation interactions in controlling soil-water processes and resulting water and solute fluxes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we determine the hydrological and geochemical fluxes in four soil profiles in the p&amp;#225;ramo of the Antisana&amp;#180;s water conservation area in northern Ecuador. Water fluxes were measured biweekly with field fluxmeters in the hydrological year Apr/2019- Mar/2020 under two contrasting vegetation types: tussock-like grass (TU) and cushion-forming plants (CU). Soil solution was collected in parallel with wick samplers and suction caps for assessing the concentrations of dissolved cations, anions and organic carbon (DOC). In addition, soil moisture was measured continuously in the upper meter of the soil profile, i.e. first three horizons (A, 2A and 2BC), using water content reflectometers. The vertical water flux in the upper meter of each soil profile was simulated using the 1D HYDRUS model. We carried out a Sobol analysis to identify sensitive soil hydraulic parameters. We then derived water fluxes by inverse modeling, based on the measured soil moisture. We validated the calculated water fluxes using the fluxmeter data. Solute fluxes were estimated by combining the water fluxes and the soil solution compositions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our preliminary results suggest that water fluxes and DOC concentration vary under different vegetation types. The fluxmeter data from the 2A horizon indicates that the cumulative water flux under TU (2.8 - 5.7 l) was larger than under CU (0.8 &amp;#8211; 1.1 l) during the dry season (Aug-Sep and Dec-Jan). However, the opposite trend was observed in the wet season for maximum water fluxes. Moreover, the DOC concentration in the uppermost horizon was higher under CU (47.3 &amp;#177;2.2 mg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) than under TU (3.1 &amp;#177;0.2 mg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) vegetation during the monitoring period. We associate the water and solute responses under different vegetation types to the contrasting soil hydro-physical and chemical properties (e.g., saturated hydraulic conductivity and organic carbon content) in the uppermost soil horizon. Our study illustrates the existence of a spatial association between vegetation types, water fluxes and solute concentrations in Antisana&amp;#180;s water conservation area. By modelling the hydrological balance of the upper meter of the soil mantle, the water and solute fluxes will be estimated for soils with different vegetation cover.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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