Sea Water Drinking and Water Flux in Starved and in Fed Harbor Seals, Phoca vitulina

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Depocas ◽  
J. Sanford Hart ◽  
H. Dean Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Harbor Seals ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals

Harbor seals maintained in sea water were either starved or fed graded amounts of herring of known water and total chloride contents. Total body water and exchangeable chloride in the seals were measured by initial dilution of injected tritiated water and Na36Cl. The decline in specific activities of plasma water and chloride was then followed for 12 to 14 days. Average daily fluxes of water and Cl− were calculated. Sea water ingestion was calculated from the daily chloride flux and the chloride contents of the food and sea water. In five animals fed from 0 to 1500 g herring/day, total water flux was linearly related to food intake and ranged from 500 to 1590 ml water per day. In the same animals ingested sea water and metabolic plus inspired water were also linearly related to food intake, and ranged respectively from 35 to 140 ml and 470 to 625 ml water per day. The data provide definitive evidence that starving Harbor seals derive sufficient oxidative water to satisfy the major part of their needs and that they drink very little sea water. In feeding seals the sum of preformed water and metabolic plus inspired water accounts for about 90% of the total water flux, which is comparable in magnitude to that of most terrestrial mammals. The small volume of sea water ingested by Harbor seals, and its linear relationship to food intake, show compellingly that sea water ingestion is coincident to swallowing food under water rather than due to deliberate drinking.

Water, Sodium and Energy Turnover in Free-Living Little Penguins, Eudyptula-Minor

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Green ◽  
N Brothers ◽  
R Gales
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Sodium

Water influx rates of adult little penguins ranged from 20 ml kg-' day-' in fasting (incubating and moulting) birds to about 650 ml kg-' day- ' in birds that were foraging at sea over extended periods. The sodium influx rates of adults ranged from almost zero up to 87 mmol kg-' day-', depending on the activity patterns of the birds, and were closely correlated with water influxes. The metabolic rates of adult penguins were 1.7 and 2.8 times standard metabolic rates during fasting and foraging respectively, and were also closely correlated with water influx rates. The mean food consumption rate for the maintenance of chicks was about 236 g kg-' day-', equivalent to a maintenance energy intake of 1460 kJ kg-' day-'. Partitioning calculations show that sea water ingestion during foraging represented about 10% of total water influx, but about 40% of total sodium influx. Nasal salt secretions were hyperosmotic to serum and it was calculated that daily sodium influxes could be totally eliminated via this route within 4 hours.

Water balance and food consumption in dehydrated growing jirds (Meriones shawi shawi)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malika Sahni ◽  
Jacqueline Peignoux-Deville ◽  
Evelyne Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
And Performance

This study was an investigation of the degree to which water conservation is adapted in jirds (Meriones shawi shawi) when dehydration occurs during growth. During total water deprivation, three different stages became evident. For the first 7 days of total dehydration food intake decreased, then it stabilized over the next 4 weeks, until it approached the initial amounts, and finally increased to twice control levels. Analysis of changes water flux in growing M. s. shawi, with and without a supply of water, revealed that dehydrated animals are able to develop physiological tolerance and performance with respect to their water balance. The excretion of hyperosmotic urine in response to prolonged dehydration is intimately linked to the adaptive morphological kidney changes, i.e., selective hypertrophy, that we observed.

Net Fluxes of Water in the Isolated Gills of Anguilla Dieffenbachii

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-781
Author(s):  
T. J. SHUTTLEWORTH ◽  
R. F. H. FREEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Freshwater Teleost ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Anguilla Dieffenbachii ◽  
Net Fluxes ◽  
Freshwater Eels ◽  
Net Water Flux

1. Measurements of net flux of water have been made on isolated gills removed from freshwater-adapted and seawater-adapted eels and incubated in various media of differing osmotic pressure. 2. From these measurements it has been possible to determine the osmotic permeability coefficient of the gill directly from the net water flux. The values obtained (0.50±0.14x10-5 cm.sec-1 for freshwater eels and 0.43±0.07x10-5 cm.sec-1 for seawater-adapted eels) indicate that there was no significant change in this parameter on adaptation of the eels to sea water. 3. The direct measurements made of the net water flux across the isolated gills appear to be compatible with the osmoregulatory pattern of eels as deduced by other workers using different techniques. In particular they illustrate and further emphasize the significance of drinking in the freshwater fish. 4. Calculations indicate that, for a freshwater teleost, the osmotic and ionic problems caused by drinking in fresh water have an insignificant energetic effect and hence, energetically, it matters little to the fish whether it drinks or not.

scholarly journals Muscle capillary supply in harbor seals

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1919-1926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane B. Kanatous ◽  
Robert Elsner ◽  
Odile Mathieu-Costello
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Harbor Seals ◽  
Capillary Length ◽  
Capillary Supply ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Fiber Number ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Comparable Size

The purpose of this study was to examine muscle capillary supply in harbor seals. Locomotory and nonlocomotory muscles of four harbor seals (mass = 17.5–41 kg) were glutaraldehyde-perfusion fixed and samples processed for electron microscopy and analyzed by morphometry. Capillary-to-fiber number and surface ratios were 0.81 ± 0.05 and 0.16 ± 0.01, respectively. Capillary length and surface area per volume of muscle fiber were 1,495 ± 83 mm/mm3 and 22.4 ± 1.6 mm2/mm3, respectively. In the locomotory muscles, we measured capillary length and surface area per volume mitochondria (20.1 ± 1.7 km/ml and 2,531 ± 440 cm2/ml). All these values are 1.5–3 times lower than in muscles with similar or lower volume densities of mitochondria in dogs of comparable size. Compared with terrestrial mammals, the skeletal muscles of harbor seals do not match their increased aerobic enzyme capacities and mitochondrial volume densities with greater muscle capillary supply. They have a smaller capillary-to-fiber interface and capillary supply per fiber mitochondrial volume than terrestrial mammals of comparable size.

Some Factors Regulating Water Intake by the Eel, Anguilla Japonica

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 737-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
TETSUYA HIRANO
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Drinking Behaviour ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Drinking Response ◽  
Freshwater Eel ◽  
Slow Infusion ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Internal as well as external factors affecting water ingestion in the eel were analysed using oesophagus-cannulated eels. 2. Acute withdrawal of the blood induced an immediate drinking response in the freshwater eel, whereas infusion of a large amount of hypertonic saline interrupted the copious drinking observed in the seawater eel. 3. The freshwater eel responded to slow infusion of hypertonic NaCl solution by constant drinking. 4. Inhibition of drinking was observed in the seawater eel by distension of the stomach or intestine with isotonic mannitol solution. 5. The freshwater eel started drinking immediately after transfer to sea water, and stopped drinking immediately after return to fresh water. 6. Application of various salt solutions revealed that chloride ions are responsible for the induction of drinking in sea water. 7. Stimulation of drinking by chloride ions and inhibition by fresh water may be an anticipatory drinking behaviour, which facilitates adaptation of eels to both sea water and fresh water.

scholarly journals Removal of natural organic matter for wetland saline water desalination by coagulation-pervaporation

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulia Rahma ◽  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Mahmud Mahmud ◽  
Chairul Irawan ◽  
Amalia Enggar Pratiwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Coagulation Process ◽  
Other Hand

The high number of natural organic matter contain in wetland water may cause its water has brown color and not consumable. In other hand, intrusion of sea water through wetland aquifer create water become saline, notably on hot season. Coagulation is effective method to applied for removing of natural organic matter. However, it could not be used for salinity removal. Hence combination of coagulation and pervaporation process is attractive method to removing both of natural organic matter and conductivity of wetland saline water. The objective of this works is to investigate optimum coagulant doses for removing organic matter by coagulation process as pretreatment and to analysis performance of coagulation-pervaporation silica-pectin membrane for removing of organic matter and conductivity of wetland saline water. Coagulation process in this work carried out under varied aluminum sulfate dose 10-60 mg.L-1. Silica-pectin membrane was used for pervaporation process at feed temperature ~25 °C (room temperature). Optimum condition of pretreatment coagulation set as alum dose at 30 mg.L-1 with maximum removal efficiency 81,8 % (UV254) and 40 % (conductivity). In other hand, combining of coagulation-pervaporation silica-pectin membrane shows both of UV254 and salt rejection extremely good instead without pretreatment coagulation of 86,8 % and 99,9 % for UV254 and salt rejection respectively. Moreover, water flux of silica-pectin membrane pervaporation with coagulation pretreatment shown higher 17,7 % over water flux of wetland saline water without pretreatment coagulation. Combining of coagulation and pervaporation silica-pectin membrane is effective to removing both of organic matter and salinity of wetland saline water at room temperature.

Duodenal osmoconcentration and food intake in pigs after ingestion of hypertonic nutrients

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. R181-R189 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Houpt ◽  
K. A. Houpt ◽  
A. A. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Slow Recovery ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Hypertonic Glucose ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Feed Pellets

Samples were taken from the duodenum of young pigs via indwelling catheters after ingestion of liquid meals. They had been deprived of feed and water overnight. Samples were taken every minute for 15 min and then at 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min. After ingestion of hypertonic glucose solutions, duodenal osmolality rose rapidly to maximal levels within 10-15 min when osmoconcentrations were as follows: for 10% glucose, 480 mosmol/kg H2O; for 20%, 680; and for 40%, 1,200. After 5% glucose, osmolality was about 280 mosmol/kg H2O and did not change appreciably during the hour. Water ingestion caused a fall to 60 mosmol/kg H2O at 3 min and then a slow recovery. Ingestion of glucose-in-milk solutions gave similar but slightly higher values. When the glucose-in-water or -milk solutions were ingested just before a meal of feed pellets, meal size was depressed proportional to glucose concentration.

Accuracy of the tritium water dilution method for determining water flux in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Cameron ◽  
R. G. White ◽  
J. R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Dilution

The accuracy of the tritium water dilution method in estimating water flux was evaluated in reindeer under various conditions of temperature and diet. Two non-pregnant female reindeer were restrained in metabolism stalls, within controlled-environment chambers, at temperatures of + 10, −5, and −20 °C; varying amounts of a commercial pelleted ration (crude protein, 13%) or mixed lichens (crude protein, 3%) were offered, and water was provided ad libitum either as snow or in liquid form. Total body water volume and water turnover were estimated using tritiated water, and the daily outputs of feces and urine were measured for each of 12 different combinations of diet and temperature. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the tritium water dilution technique gives accurate determinations of total body water flux over a wide range of environmental and nutritional conditions.

scholarly journals WATER TRANSPORT IN INVERTEBRATE PERIPHERAL NERVE FIBERS

1958 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold H. Nevis
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Membrane ◽  
Appreciable Change ◽  
A Value ◽  
Apparent Activation Energies ◽  
And Diffusion

Osmotic and diffusion permeabilities (Pf and Pd) of invertebrate nerve fibers to tritiated water were measured to determine what water flux studies could reveal about "the nerve membrane" and to directly test the possibility of active transport of water into or out of invertebrate nerve fibers. Pf/Pd ratios for lobster walking leg nerve fibers were found to be about 20 ± 7 at 14°C. Pd measurements were made for squid giant axons at 25°C. and found to yield a value of 4 x 10–4 cm.–1 sec.–1. When combined with the data of D. K. Hill for Pf, a Pf/Pd ratio of 21 ± 5 is obtained. These Pf/Pd ratios correspond to "effective pore radii" of about 16 ± 4 angstrom units, according to theories developed by Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing and independently by Pappenheimer and his colleagues. Variations of water flux ratios with temperatures were studied and apparent activation energies calculated for both diffusion experiments and osmotic filtration experiments using the Arrhenius equation, and found to be close to 3 to 5 cal. per mole of water transferred. Cyanide (5 x 10–3 molar) and iodoacetate (1 x 10–3 molar) poisoned lobster leg nerve fibers showed no appreciable change in diffusion or osmotic filtration water effluxes. Caution in interpreting these proposed channels as simple pores was emphasized, but the possibility that such channels exist and are related to ionic flow is not incompatible with electrophysiological data.

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