Disease caused by Nemesis robusta (van Beneden, 1851) (Eudactylinidae: Siphonostomatoida: Copepoda) infections on gill filaments of thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1758)), with notes on parasite ecology and life history

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1180-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Benz ◽  
Sidonie Anne Margaret Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Host Response ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Tissue Proliferation ◽  
Parasite Ecology ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Interlamellar Water ◽  
Thresher Shark ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Diseased State ◽  
Water Passage

Thresher shark gill filaments infected with the copepod Nemesis robusta exhibited a diseased state. Tissue erosion seemingly associated with the rasping effects of various copepod appendages and feeding activity was evident. Host response to parasites was grossly seen as swollen and blanched zones about infected regions. Histologically the host response consisted of proliferated epithelial and underlying connective tissue layers surrounding the efferent branchial arterioles at the gill filaments' free distal tips. Copepod attachment close to secondary lamellae was associated with proliferation of both respiratory epithelium and epithelium between the secondary lamellae. Tissue proliferation partially or completely occluded interlamellar water channels and probably compromised respiratory efficiency by blocking water passage between secondary lamellae. The abnormal thickness of affected secondary lamellae probably further reduced respiratory ion exchange.

Spatial distribution of the parasite Kroyeria carchariaeglauci Hesse, 1879 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae) on gills of the blue shark (Prionace glauca (L., 1758))

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Benz ◽  
Kevin S. Dupre
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Blue Shark ◽  
Prionace Glauca ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Five blue sharks (Prionace glauca) were examined for gill-infesting copepods. Three species of siphonostomatoid copepods were collected: Gangliopus pyriformis, Phyllothyreus cornutus, and Kroyeria carchariaeglauci. The spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was analyzed. The number of K. carchariaeglauci per shark was positively related to gill surface area and host size. Copepods were unevenly distributed amongst hemibranchs; flanking hemibranchs could be arranged into three statistically homogeneous groups. Female K. carchariaeglauci typically attached themselves within the middle 40% of each hemibranch; males were more evenly dispersed. Eighty percent of all K. carchariaeglauci attached themselves to secondary lamellae, the remainder were in the underlying excurrent water channels. Most K. carchariaeglauci were located between 10 and 25 mm along the lengths of gill filaments. Overall, the spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was quite specific in all study planes. Explanation of this distribution is set forth in terms of natural selection pressures; however, the equally plausible explanation that the distribution pattern exhibited by these copepods is phylogenetically determined and may have little to do with contemporary selective constraints should not be ignored.

scholarly journals Gill infection of Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988 (Osteichthyes: Anostomidae) by Henneguya leporinicola n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). Description, histopathology and treatment

1999 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. MARTINS ◽  
V. N. de SOUZA ◽  
J. R. E de MORAES ◽  
F. R de MORAES
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Epithelial Hyperplasia ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Tissue Alterations

Piauçus (Leporinus macrocephalus), were raised in 300 m² ponds (density of 10 fish/m²) presenting asphyxia signals and daily mortality of 27 fishes. Specimens with 8-cm total body length, were collected for necropsy. Mucus of body surface and pieces of organs were collected and examined microscopically, in wet mounts, stained or in histological sections. The smears examination showed the presence of several spores in the secondary lamellae of the gill filaments, identified as Henneguya leporinicola n.sp (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). Histopatological study showed epithelial hyperplasia and fulfilling of the spaces between the secondary lamellae, congestion and teleangiectasia sinusoidal. It was also observed hyperplasia of the goblet cells and several cysts of parasite with 70.3mum diameter. Such cysts were situated among the secondary lamellae, covered or not by the hyperplasic epithelium. With this diagnostic, three applications of formalin solution 10 ml/m³ were carried out. Fifteen days after that, fish were examined again to ascertain whether the treatment was efficient on disease caused by the protozoa. The tissue alterations present in the gills after the treatment were just a moderate sinusoidal congestion and a slight epithelial hyperplasia on the base of the secondary lamellae.

A review of species of Myxobolus (Myxosporea) parasitizing catostomid fishes, with a redescription of Myxobolus bibullatus (Kudo, 1934) n.comb. and description of Myxobolus lamellus n.sp. from Catostomus commersoni in Nova Scotia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2290-2298 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Grinham ◽  
D. K. Cone
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Catostomus Commersoni ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Capillary Bed ◽  
Spore Length

Known species of Myxobolus from catostomid fishes are reviewed and Myxobolus bibullatus (Kudo, 1934) n.comb. and Myxobolus lamellus n.sp. (Myxosporea) are described from common sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in Sawler Lake, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia. Trophozoites of M. bibullatus form saclike interlamellar cysts at the base of gill filaments. Myxobolus lamellus n.sp. forms interstitial trophozoites in secondary lamellae that envelop the capillary bed. Spores form through the cyst's vacuolated matrix, and are round with large polar capsules relative to spore length. Ten species of Myxosoma from catostomids are transferred to Myxobolus and the following revisions made: Myxobolus bibullatus (Kudo, 1934) n.comb. (syn. Myxosoma bibullatum Kudo, 1934); Myxobolus commersonii (Fantham, Porter, and Richardson, 1939) n.comb. (syn. Myxosoma commersonii Fantham, Porter, and Richardson 1939); Myxobolus ellipticoides (Fantham, Porter and Richardson, 1939) n.comb. (syn. Myxosoma ellipticoides Fantham, Porter, and Richardson 1939); Myxobolus endovasus (Davis, 1947) n.comb. (syn. Myxosoma endovasa Davis, 1947); Myxobolus microthecus (Meglitsch, 1942) n.comb. (syn. Myxosoma microthecum Meglitsch, 1942); Myxobolus multiplicatus (Reuss, 1906) n.comb. (syn. Myxosoma multiplicatum (Reuss, 1906); and Myxobolus ovalis (Davis, 1923) n.comb. (syn. Myxosoma ovalis Davis, 1923). Myxobolus meglitschi (Meglitsch, 1937) nom.nov (syn. Myxosoma rotundum Meglitsch, 1937), Myxobolus musculosus (Kudo, 1923) nom.nov. (syn. Myxosoma catostomi Kudo, 1923), and Myxobolus filamentus (Rice and Jahn, 1943) nom.nov. (syn. Myxosoma okobojiensis Rice and Jahn, 1943) are established because of specific preoccupations. Known information on myxobolids from catostomid fishes is summarized.

scholarly journals Alterations in the Gill Filaments and Secondary Lamellae of Cirrhinus mrigala Exposed to “Nuvan,” an Organophosphorus Insecticide

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Srivastava ◽  
Usha Kumari ◽  
Amita Kumari Rai ◽  
Swati Mittal ◽  
Ajay Kumar Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Cirrhinus Mrigala ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Scanning Electron

The alterations in the epithelium of the gill filaments and the secondary lamellae of the gills of Cirrhinus mrigala, on exposure to “Nuvan,” have been explored in the present investigation using light and scanning electron microscopy. The fishes were exposed to two sublethal concentrations, 5 mg/L and 15 mg/L, of “Nuvan.” The changes are more rapid and intensive at higher concentration than at lower concentration, suggesting that the changes are dose dependent. Increase in thickness of epithelium covering secondary lamellae, merger of epithelium of gill filaments and adjacent secondary lamellae, and aneurysm is considered to reduce efficiency of gills for gaseous exchange. A significant decline in the density and area of the mucous goblet cells in the epithelium of the gill filaments and the secondary lamellae of C. mrigala exposed to “Nuvan” could be correlated with excessive loss of the secretory contents of these cells, uncompensated by their production in sufficient quantities. The histopathological changes, in general, take longer time to recover in the fishes exposed to 15 mg/L than those exposed to 5 mg/L indicating that the changes in fishes exposed to higher concentration are more severe than those at lower concentration of the insecticide.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. Azevedo ◽  
Luiz R. Malabarba ◽  
John R. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Gonadal Maturation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Synchronous Development ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Columnar Cells

The reproductive biology and development of the gill gland are described for Macropsobrycon uruguayanae, an inseminating characid species of the tribe Compsurini, subfamily Cheirodontinae. Between April 2001 and March 2002, 117 males and 143 females of this species were collected in the rio Ibicuí, Uruguay basin in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Reproductively active individuals were present during most months sampled, indicating lack of a well-defined seasonal reproductive period. Several maturing females were found to be inseminated before completing full maturation. Histological analyses demonstrated spermatozoa within the ovaries of females in different stages of gonadal maturation collected during most months. No immature females had inseminated ovaries. Standard length at first gonadal maturation was estimated to be 24 mm for both males and females. Mean absolute fecundity was 191.08 (± 48.83 SD) oocytes per female, one of the lowest among characids. Relative fecundity was 0.539 (± 0.069 SD) oocytes per mg weight of the female, a value similar to that found for the majority of species of Cheirodontinae. The presence of two cohorts of oocytes within ovaries of M. uruguayanae indicates synchronous development, with total spawning. The mean diameter of mature oocytes was 0.6711 (± 0.1252 SD) mm, smaller than that found for the majority of species of Characidae. Gill glands occurred in all mature males, as well as in males undergoing advanced maturation. In the latter case, fewer gill filaments comprised the glands. Gill glands were not observed in immature males, males undergoing the initial stages of maturation, or in any female. A given gill gland may comprise as many as 24 filaments of the lateral hemibranch of the first gill arch. Secondary lamellae within most of the gill gland are greatly reduced, with columnar cells being present between them. These columnar cells contain abundant vesicles, suggesting secretory activity. The morphology of the gill gland of M. uruguayanae resembles that found in the majority of characid species that possess this structure.

scholarly journals Histopathological changes in the gill, liver and intestine of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) treated with extracts of different parts of the plant Madhuca indica (G.F. Gmel)

2013 ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Munira Nasiruddin ◽  
Mohammad Ali Azadi ◽  
Dr Ashrafunnessa
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Heteropneustes Fossilis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Different Parts

Histopathological studies of gill, liver and intestine of the experimental fishes Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) were made after 24 hours exposure to 50% ethyl alcohol extracts of Madhuca indica (G. F. Gmel) plant parts. The principal changes in the gills included distorted and disintegrated gill arches, shrunken and oedamatous distensions in the primary lamellae, swollen, shortened and coalesced secondary lamellae, vacuolated and disrupted epithelial and pilaster cells and disorganized gill filaments. The changes in the liver included compactly or loosely arranged hepatic cells, dialated and swollen central vein, blood coagulated portal vein, reduced or swollen hepatic artery and dispersed sinusoids. In the intestine disintegrated serosa, swollen and partially ruptured muscularis, vacuolated submucosa, damaged mucosa, disintegrated and reduced lamina propria and distended and coalesced villi were observed. On the basis of affectivity the most affected organ was the gill followed by liver and intestine. Affectivity of the plant parts on the three organs was in the order seed > bark > leaf for gill, intestine and was seed > leaf > bark for liver. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v4i1.13395 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 4(1&2):119-130, 2009

scholarly journals Characteristic taphanomic morphologies in fossil soft-tissues and their reproduction in actualistic necrolytic experiments

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 313-313
Author(s):  
Phil R. Wilby
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Morphological Detail ◽  
Santana Formation

Soft-tissues replaced by hydroxyapatite are exceedingly abundant in fossil fish from the Santana Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Ceara, NE Brasil. A number of tissues are often phosphatized within an individual specimen and may include portions of the alimentary tract, skeletal muscle, dermis, gill apparatus and ovaries. The level of structural detail displayed by these tissues varies considerably between individual fish but is relatively constant within any single specimen. In some, sub-cellular resolution is the norm, whilst in others only gross morphological detail is preserved.Frequently, certain tissues such as gill filaments and their secondary lamellae; epithelial cells of the gut wall; and, striated muscle fibres, preserve a number of different morphologies. In the latter for example, a continuum exists between homogeneously mineralized fibres which are almost indistinguishable from living muscle, and muscle which is disrupted by exceptionally well developed and irregularly spaced banding. In the same specimens, both the sarcolema and cell nucleii may display varying degrees of distortion. These characteristic morphologies reflect the gradual loss of structural integrity accompanying a period of post-mortem decay prior to and/or during permineralization.High resolution TEM and SEM studies of structures produced at progressive stages of soft-tissue decay in modern fish, confirm the necrolytic origin of these morphologies. The timing of their appearance under specified conditions is remarkably reproducible. Certain parameters such as the ambient water temperature and salinity appear to have considerable influence over the rapidity of decay, whereas others, including the levels of oxygen and the presence of an established bacterial community have less, especially over short periods.By cross-referencing certain taphanomically produced structures, estimates of both the timing of phosphatization and the likely bottom water conditions of the Santana Formation “lagoon” may be made.

Gill Dimensions for Three Species of Tunny

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. MUIR ◽  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Secondary Lamella

1. Estimates have been made of the total area of the secondary lamellae in the gills of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), and bluefin tuna (T. thynnus). A sampling method is described which takes into account the variation in size and spacing of the secondary lamellae in different portions of the sieve. 2. Twenty-six specimens in the weight range 1-40 kg. were examined and analysed by logarithmic plots of different gill dimensions against body weight. A good fit was found to the general equation A=aWb. 3. The slope (b) of the regression line for the total area (A) against body weight (W) was found to be about 0.85 for all three species. This relationship is similar to that (0.81) between oxygen consumption and body weight for a large number of species of teleost fish. 4. The corresponding regression coefficients for the relationships between body size and average area of a secondary lamella, number of secondary lamellae per millimetre and total filament length were +0.53, -0.08 and +0.38 respectively. 5. A comparison is made between the three species of tunny and the limited data available for size ranges of other teleosts. On the basis of values obtained by extra polating the regression lines, it is concluded that the tunny has a larger gill area per unit of body weight than any other fish so far investigated. This is mainly due to the large total length of the gill filaments and the very close spacing (up to 120 per mm. have been measured) of relatively small secondary lamellae. 6. It is concluded that the extensive gill area of the tunny is related to its very active mode of life.

Physiological evidence for the occurrence of pathways shunting blood away from the secondary lamellae of eel gills

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
G. M. Hughes ◽  
C. Peyraud ◽  
M. Peyraud-Waitzenegger ◽  
P. Soulier
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Fick Principle ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Circulatory Change ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Mixed Venous

1. Several cardiovascular and respiratory measurements have been performed in eels before and after intravenous injections of adrenaline. These experiments have allowed a comparison to be made of values for the cardiac output determined directly (Q) and using the Fick principle (QF) on individual fish under these two conditions. 2. Under control conditions it was shown that QF/Q = 0.72, indicating that about 30% of the mixed venous blood afferent to the gills is returned directly to the heart and bypasses the lamellar circulation via veno-venous anastomoses between the afferent filament arteries and the central venous space of the gill filaments. 3. Adrenaline, which during winter only has its action due to stimulation of alpha-adrenoreceptors, induced a hypoventilation but no changes in cardiac output in spite of a bradycardia. The oxygen content of the mixed venous blood was markedly increased whereas Ca,O2 remained unchanged as did the percentage utilization of oxygen from the water as it passed over the gills. The efferent blood flow from the gills after injection of adrenaline was almost equal to the total cardiac output. It is suggested that such a circulatory change was due to adrenaline-mediated constriction of veno-venous anastomoses in the gills of the eel.

Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora) infestation on Prochilodus lineatus larvae: a host–parasite relationship study

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUSTAVO MORAES RAMOS VALLADÃO ◽  
SÍLVIA UMEDA GALLANI ◽  
SANTIAGO BENITES DE PÁDUA ◽  
MAURÍCIO LATERÇA MARTINS ◽  
FABIANA PILARSKI
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Giemsa Stain ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Prochilodus Lineatus ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Relationship Study ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYProchilodus lineatus is a freshwater fish species found in South America. It is common in aquaculture, but few studies regarding diseases of this fish have been performed. This study presents data of the occurrence of Trichodina heterodentata Duncan, 1977, as well as the pathological alterations detected by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twenty 20-day-old larvae were harvested from an earth pond and examined. Larvae showed erratic swimming on the pond edges and some had a whitish tegument. Larval smears were either impregnated with silver nitrate or stained with Giemsa stain to observe the taxonomic features of the ciliates. Five larvae were fixed in formalin solution for histopathological analysis, and another five specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde for SEM. All larvae were diagnosed with a severe infestation by trichodinid T. heterodentata. Histological sections showed discrete hyperplasia of the gill filaments with subepithelial oedema of the secondary lamellae. In the SEM, suction areas were observed on the skin, gill and eye; corrosion and ulceration of the fins were associated with the bacterial presence of cocci on the lesions. This is the first report of T. heterodentata in P. lineatus that is responsible for an acute disease that culminates in larval mortality.

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