A phylogenetic analysis of the Lumbriculidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2731-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. Brinkhurst
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Endemic Genera

Though the Lumbriculidae is a monotypic taxon including Kurenkovia, there is no support from cladistic analyses for the Kurenkovidae. The unusual nature of the vasa deferentia, which run between the epithelial and muscular layers of the body wall as in some Haplotaxidae and Glossoscolecidae, may affect that decision. The Dorydrilidae is a sister-group to the Lumbriculidae. Lamprodrilus and the Lake Baikal endemic genera are now seen as advanced forms which may have given rise to some Asian and Pacific rim North American taxa. Several of the genera best represented in Europe have the plesiomorphic pattern of the reproductive system, with gonads in GI–GIII but atria limited to GII, so that two pairs of vasa deferentia are associated with them. This pattern is shared with the Branchiobdellida, and whereas median fusion of the atria has happened independently in the two taxa, these two taxa may arise from a common ancestor despite the degree of specialization to an epizooic habit in the branchiobdellidans. Most subgeneric taxa entered into the analyses are grouped at least close to their congeners, with the exception of Neoscolex, which may be more closely related to the pair of Kincaidiana species than to Styloscolex. Rhynchelmis may have an origin distinct from that of Lamprodrilus, Kincaidiana, and Neoscolex, as the loss of the anterior testes may be convergent and not monophyletic as suggested here.

A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of Anyphaenidae (Arachnida, Araneae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractAnyphaenidae are diagnosed by the pattern of tracheal system, the forwardly advanced tracheal spiracle, and the lamelliform claw tuft setae. Cladistic analyses of the relationships of the anyphaenid genera are made from a selection of 9 exemplar taxa scored for 20 characters. In result, three subfamilies are proposed. Malenellinae subfam. n. is erected for Malenella nana gen. & sp. n. from southern Chile. This subfamily is considered as the sister group of all other anyphaenids. Anyphaeninae and Amaurobioidinae form a monophyletic group united by the orientation of the claw tuft setae and the grooved cymbial tip. Anyphaeninae are diagnosed by three characters associated with the advancement of the spiracle toward the epigastric furrow. Amaurobioidinae are diagnosed by the ingression of the median hematodocha in the male tegulum, and a characteristic secondary conductor. The relationships among the genera of Amaurobioidinae are discussed. The complex tracheal system of anyphaenids develops, during ontogeny, from a simple four-branched system. The genera Aysenia (from Clubionidae), Philisca (from Miturgidae) and Sanogasta (from Corinnidae) are transferred to Anyphaenidae: Amaurobioidinae.

The maritime shrew, Sorex maritimensis (Insectivora: Soricidae): a newly recognized Canadian endemic

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald T Stewart ◽  
Neil D Perry ◽  
Luca Fumagalli
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Two Parameter

Previous morphological and cytological analyses have suggested that the arctic shrew (Sorex arcticus) as currently recognized may be two distinct species. Specifically, those studies demonstrated considerable differentiation between the putative subspecies S. a. maritimensis and one or both of the other two subspecies, S. a. arcticus and S. a. laricorum. Phylogenetic analysis of 546 base pairs of cytochrome b sequence data from 10 arctic shrews from across Canada indicates that maritimensis is the sister-group to arcticus + laricorum. Furthermore, there is considerable genetic divergence between maritimensis and the other two putative subspecies (~8–9%; Kimura's two-parameter distance). Given that maritimensis and arcticus + laricorum appear to be reciprocally monophyletic clades with considerable genetic divergence (i.e., greater than that between other recognized pairs of sister-species within the S. araneus–arcticus group), we propose that S. maritimensis be recognized as a distinct species. The proportion of third-position transversion substitutions between S. arcticus and S. maritimensis suggests that these two species shared a common ancestor approximately 2.4 million years ago.

Morphology of the reproductive system of maleMoniliformis dubius(Acanthocephala)

Parasitology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Asaolu
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydraulic Mechanism ◽  
And Inversion

SUMMARYThe histology of the reproductive system of maleMoniliformis dubiushas been studied by a variety of microscopical techniques. The system includes 2 testes from each of which arises a vas efferens. Products from the testis enter the vas efferens through openings present in the wall of the vas efferens. The testes are contained in a ligament sac and each testis is enveloped separately by an outgrowth of the ligament sac wall. There are 8 unicellular cement glands. The cement substance contains spherical electron-dense droplets presumed to be lipids. Saefftigen's pouch appears to be a hydraulic mechanism to regulate the turgidity of the wall of the bursal cap to effect successful copulation with female worms. The muscles attaching the genital sheath and bursa to the body wall are likely to be concerned with bursal eversion and inversion. Stimuli receptors connected to the genital nervous system are located in the penis and bursa.

Memoirs: The Reproductive System and Associated Organs of the Brittle-Star Ophiothrix Fragilis

1940 ◽  
Vol s2-82 (326) ◽  
pp. 267-309
Author(s):  
J. B. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Axial Organ ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stone Canal

1. The organs associated, either directly or indirectly, with reproduction in the Ophiuroidea are the axial organ and related sinuses (axial organ complex), the genital raehis, the gonads (localized expansions of the raehis), the gonoducts, and the genital bursae. 2. Evidence is presented in favour of the view of Fedotov (1924) that the axial organ of Ophiuroids is made up of two closely associated parts each surrounded by its own sinus from the wall of which it is, during development, proliferated. The left axial sinus (aboral in the adult) is derived from the left anterior coelom of the larva, the right axial sinus (oral in the adult) from the madreporie vesicle which itself is a derivative of the right anterior coelom of the larva. 3. The ampulla of the stone canal is continuous with, and is part of, the left axial sinus. 4. An account is given of the morphology and histology of the genital rachis and sinus. 5. Examination of the gonads of female Ophiothrix indicate that the breeding season extends from about March to October and that, during this time, there is periodic emission of ova, probably at monthly intervals. Males, on the other hand, produce sperm all the year round. 6. The genital bursae number two pairs to each interradial pouch. They serve, primarily, as organs of respiration. Special mechanisms, which are described, are concerned in the intake and expulsion of water. 7. The gonads do not discharge their products directly into the genital bursae nor through temporarily formed pores in the body-wall but through specially developed and permanent gonoducts, one to each of the ten gonads. 8. Young specimens found in the genital bursae have attained their position only after a period of free-swimming larval life. After settling and metamorphosing, some of the young individuals crawl into the bursae. 9. As a consequence of the previous observation it is pointed out that the presence of the young within the genital bursae of the adult is by no means an indication of a viviparous habit.

The genus Sciarotricha gen. n. (Sciaridae) and the phylogeny of recent and fossil Sciaroidea (Diptera)

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Vilkamaa ◽  
Heikki Hippa
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses

AbstractThe phylogeny of the main groups of the Sciaroidea, including the fossil Antefungivoridae, Archizelmiridae, Mesosciophilidae, Pleciofungivoridae, Pleciomimidae, Protopleciidae and Bolitophilidae: Mangasinae, and an extant new taxon, was studied by parsimony analysis. Two cladistic analyses of seventy-eight morphological characters from adults were made. One analysis, with forty-one extant taxa in the ingroup and the other, with the addition of twelve fossil taxa, both produced two most parsimonious cladograms. The phylogenetic hypotheses obtained differed from each other, and in part also to a great extent from previous ones although most of the traditionally recognized groups appeared monophyletic, including the speciose Cecidomyiidae and Sciaridae. The Cecidomyiidae (fossil analysis) or the Keroplatidae-Ditomyiidae (extant analysis) appeared as the sister-group of the rest of the Sciaroidea. Following on from these analyses, we propose emending the current Sciaridae to include the following subfamilies: Archizelmirinae stat. n., Rangomaraminae stat. n., Sciarinae, Sciarosominae subfam. n. and Sciarotrichinae subfam. n. A new taxon from Namibia, Sciarotricha biloba gen. n., sp. n. is described, and, according to the phylogenetic analysis, is placed in the Sciaridae (Sciarotrichinae). The sister-group of the Sciaridae as newly defined is the Mycetophilidae group, in the extant analysis including the Mycetophilidae, Manotidae, Lygistorrhinidae, Pterogymnus and Sciaropota, and in the fossil analysis even including the Mesosciophilidae and the Ohakunea group (Ohakunea + Colonomyia).

scholarly journals Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of two new deep-sea species of Chrysogorgia (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) from Kocebu Guyot (Magellan seamounts) in the Pacific Ocean

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 881 ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Xu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Zifeng Zhan ◽  
Kuidong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magellan Seamounts ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Two new species of Chrysogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 collected from Kocebu Guyot in the Magellan seamounts of the Pacific Ocean are described and illustrated: Chrysogorgia ramificanssp. nov. collected from a depth of 1831 m and Chrysogorgia binatasp. nov. collected from a depth of 1669 m. Chrysogorgia ramificanssp. nov. belongs to the Chrysogorgia “group A, Spiculosae” with rods distributed in body wall and tentacles, and C. binatasp. nov. belongs to the “group C, Squamosae typicae” with rods and/or spindles not present but only scales. Chrysogorgia ramificanssp. nov. differs from congeners by its main stem with 2/5R branching sequence at the bottom forming two large bottlebrush-shaped branches with 1/3R branching sequence at the top. Chrysogorgia binatasp. nov. is similar to C. scintillans Bayer & Stefani, 1988, but differs by its larger polyps, larger sclerites in the body wall, and different scales in the upper part of polyps. The mtMutS genetic distances between C. ramificanssp. nov. and C. binatasp. nov. and congeners are in the range of 0.33%–2.28% and 0.33%–2.94%, respectively, while the intraspecific distances are in the range of 0–0.16%. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that C. ramificanssp. nov. is clustered with C. monticola Cairns, 2007 and C. binatasp. nov. is clustered with C. chryseis Bayer & Stefani, 1988, both with high support indicating close relationships.

scholarly journals Cambrian stalked echinoderms show unexpected plasticity of arm construction

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zamora ◽  
A. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Way

Feeding arms carrying coelomic extensions of the theca are thought to be unique to crinoids among stemmed echinoderms. However, a new two-armed echinoderm from the earliest Middle Cambrian of Spain displays a highly unexpected morphology. X-ray microtomographic analysis of its arms shows they are polyplated in their proximal part with a dorsal series of uniserial elements enclosing a large coelomic lumen. Distally, the arm transforms into the more standard biserial structure of a blastozoan brachiole. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that this taxon lies basal to rhombiferans as sister-group to pleurocystitid and glyptocystitid blastozoans, drawing those clades deep into the Cambrian. We demonstrate that Cambrian echinoderms show surprising variability in the way their appendages are constructed, and that the appendages of at least some blastozoans arose as direct outgrowths of the body in much the same way as the arms of crinoids.

Lymphangiomatosis of the Body Wall: A Report of Two Cases Associated with Chylothorax and Fatal Outcome

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Moerman ◽  
Chris Van Geet ◽  
Hugo Devlieger
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
The Body

scholarly journals A screen for genetic loci required for body-wall muscle development during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-498
Author(s):  
J Ahnn ◽  
A Fire
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
Genetic Loci

Abstract We have used available chromosomal deficiencies to screen for genetic loci whose zygotic expression is required for formation of body-wall muscle cells during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. To test for muscle cell differentiation we have assayed for both contractile function and the expression of muscle-specific structural proteins. Monoclonal antibodies directed against two myosin heavy chain isoforms, the products of the unc-54 and myo-3 genes, were used to detect body-wall muscle differentiation. We have screened 77 deficiencies, covering approximately 72% of the genome. Deficiency homozygotes in most cases stain with antibodies to the body-wall muscle myosins and in many cases muscle contractile function is observed. We have identified two regions showing distinct defects in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Embryos homozygous for deficiencies removing the left tip of chromosome V fail to accumulate the myo-3 and unc-54 products, but express antigens characteristic of hypodermal, pharyngeal and neural development. Embryos lacking a large region on chromosome III accumulate the unc-54 product but not the myo-3 product. We conclude that there exist only a small number of loci whose zygotic expression is uniquely required for adoption of a muscle cell fate.

scholarly journals Cloning and sequencing of cDNA of Sarcophaga peregrina humoral lectin induced on injury of the body wall.

1985 ◽  
Vol 260 (22) ◽  
pp. 12228-12233 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Takahashi ◽  
H Komano ◽  
N Kawaguchi ◽  
N Kitamura ◽  
S Nakanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cloning And Sequencing
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