scholarly journals Cambrian stalked echinoderms show unexpected plasticity of arm construction

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zamora ◽  
A. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Way

Feeding arms carrying coelomic extensions of the theca are thought to be unique to crinoids among stemmed echinoderms. However, a new two-armed echinoderm from the earliest Middle Cambrian of Spain displays a highly unexpected morphology. X-ray microtomographic analysis of its arms shows they are polyplated in their proximal part with a dorsal series of uniserial elements enclosing a large coelomic lumen. Distally, the arm transforms into the more standard biserial structure of a blastozoan brachiole. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that this taxon lies basal to rhombiferans as sister-group to pleurocystitid and glyptocystitid blastozoans, drawing those clades deep into the Cambrian. We demonstrate that Cambrian echinoderms show surprising variability in the way their appendages are constructed, and that the appendages of at least some blastozoans arose as direct outgrowths of the body in much the same way as the arms of crinoids.

scholarly journals X-ray and CT presentation of advanced gastric carcinomas of different locations

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
A. Djuric-Stefanovic ◽  
Dj. Saranovic ◽  
D. Masulovic ◽  
Lj. Lazic ◽  
T. Nastasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophagogastric Junction ◽  
Anterior Abdominal Wall ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Japanese Classification ◽  
Scanning Region ◽  
Different Parts

We presented the X-ray and CT findings characteristic for gastric cancers of different localizations (localized in different parts of the stomach). Particularly, esophagogastric junction (EGJ) carcinomas and antral carcinomas are singled out, as two localizations of gastric cancer that we usually meet in everyday clinical and radiological practice, and which have completely different radiological presentation. Advanced carcinomas of esophago-gastric junction, whose incidence is on the rise, usually affect the distal segment of the esophagus, cardia, and proximal part of the stomach, in different proportions. Siewert's, and the Japanese classification of these tumors are listed. Due to the involvement of the distal esophagus, scanning region, besides the abdomen, should be expanded to the chest. Advanced cancer of the antral part of the stomach is presented by the X-ray as a fungating, infiltrative, or combined form, often capturing the entire wall circumference. Possible infiltration of the left liver, the body and neck of the pancreas, colon and anterior abdominal wall should be estimated by CT.

scholarly journals A possible case of inverted lifestyle in a new bivalved arthropod from the Burgess Shale

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 191350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Izquierdo-López ◽  
Jean-Bernard Caron
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
National Park ◽  
Suspension Feeder ◽  
The Body ◽  
Burgess Shale ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Stem Group ◽  
Potential Case ◽  
Caudal Rami

The origin of the arthropod carapace, an enlargement of cephalic tergites, can be traced back to the Cambrian period. However, its disparity and evolution are still not fully understood. Here, we describe a new ‘bivalved’ arthropod, Fibulacaris nereidis gen. et sp. nov., based on 102 specimens from the middle Cambrian (Wuliuan Stage) Burgess Shale, Marble Canyon area in British Columbia's Kootenay National Park, Canada. The laterally compressed carapace covers most of the body. It is fused dorsally and merges anteriorly into a conspicuous postero-ventrally recurved rostrum as long as the carapace and positioned between a pair of backwards-facing pedunculate eyes. The body is homonomous, with approximately 40 weakly sclerotized segments bearing biramous legs with elongate endopods, and ends in a pair of small flap-like caudal rami. Fibulacaris nereidis is interpreted as a suspension feeder possibly swimming inverted, in a potential case of convergence with some branchiopods. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis places it within a group closely related to the extinct Hymenocarina. Fibulacaris nereidis is unique in its carapace morphology and overall widens the ecological disparity of Cambrian arthropods and suggests that the evolution of a ‘bivalved' carapace and an upside-down lifestyle may have occurred early in stem-group crustaceans.

A phylogenetic analysis of the Lumbriculidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2731-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. Brinkhurst
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Endemic Genera

Though the Lumbriculidae is a monotypic taxon including Kurenkovia, there is no support from cladistic analyses for the Kurenkovidae. The unusual nature of the vasa deferentia, which run between the epithelial and muscular layers of the body wall as in some Haplotaxidae and Glossoscolecidae, may affect that decision. The Dorydrilidae is a sister-group to the Lumbriculidae. Lamprodrilus and the Lake Baikal endemic genera are now seen as advanced forms which may have given rise to some Asian and Pacific rim North American taxa. Several of the genera best represented in Europe have the plesiomorphic pattern of the reproductive system, with gonads in GI–GIII but atria limited to GII, so that two pairs of vasa deferentia are associated with them. This pattern is shared with the Branchiobdellida, and whereas median fusion of the atria has happened independently in the two taxa, these two taxa may arise from a common ancestor despite the degree of specialization to an epizooic habit in the branchiobdellidans. Most subgeneric taxa entered into the analyses are grouped at least close to their congeners, with the exception of Neoscolex, which may be more closely related to the pair of Kincaidiana species than to Styloscolex. Rhynchelmis may have an origin distinct from that of Lamprodrilus, Kincaidiana, and Neoscolex, as the loss of the anterior testes may be convergent and not monophyletic as suggested here.

X-ray micro tomography in the scanning electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brünger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Scanning Electron

Reconstructive tomography is a new technique in diagnostic radiology for imaging cross-sectional planes of the human body /1/. A collimated beam of X-rays is scanned through a thin slice of the body and the transmitted intensity is recorded by a detector giving a linear shadow graph or projection (see fig. 1). Many of these projections at different angles are used to reconstruct the body-layer, usually with the aid of a computer. The picture element size of present tomographic scanners is approximately 1.1 mm2.Micro tomography can be realized using the very fine X-ray source generated by the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (see fig. 2). The translation of the X-ray source is done by a line scan of the electron beam on a polished target surface /2/. Projections at different angles are produced by rotating the object.During the registration of a single scan the electron beam is deflected in one direction only, while both deflections are operating in the display tube.

Great Increase of Numbers of Virus Particles by Irradiating C3H Mouse Mammary Tumors Transplanted into Male Mice

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
P. J. Melnick ◽  
J. W. Cha ◽  
E. Samouhos
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Mammary Tumors ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Mouse Mammary Tumors ◽  
Transplantable Tumors ◽  
C3h Mice ◽  
Cobalt Radiation ◽  
Enzyme Changes

Spontaneous mammary tumors in females of a high tumor strain of C3H mice were cut into small fragments that were Implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the back of males of the same strain, where they grew as transplantable tumors. When about Cm. In diameter daily fractional radiation was begun, applied to the tumors, the rest of the body being shielded by a lead shield. Two groups were treated with 150 and 200 r X-ray dally, of half value layer 0.6mm. copper; a third group was treated with 500 r cobalt radiation dally. The primary purpose was to examine the enzyme changes during radiation, with histochemlcal technics.

THE TRENDS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN AGED 1- 12 YEARS AND ITS MANAGEMENT FROM 2011 TO 2015 AT ARTHUR DAVISON CHILDRENS HOSPITAL IN NDOLA: Retrospective study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Greta
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Childhood Tb ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children ◽  
Age Range

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is a widespread and in many cases a fatal, infectious disease caused by many strains of mycobacterium complex usually mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can affect any part of the body but mainly the lungs hence called pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis in children has been less of a public health priority in the recent years despite the fact that TB has been a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide with difficulties in diagnosis. Data on trends of childhood TB is rarely in published literature hence need for this research which will help in publishing OBJECTIVE To establish the trends in TB among children aged 1-12 years and its management over a period of five years from 2011- 2015 at Arthur Davison children’s hospital in Ndola and also to determine the proportion of TB in these children and to establish the age group most affected by TB over the period of five years and lastly to assess the proportion of TB and HIV as a co-morbidity METHODS The study reviewed all records that were registered in the MOH TB register at ADH from 2011 to 2015 coming up with a total number of 483 TB records and these records had satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data capturing tool was used to collect the data. RESULTS : This study determined the trends of TB in children aged 1 to 12 over the five years period from a total of 483 reviewed paediatric TB cases , its proportion in these children, the age range most affected by TB and lastly assessed TB and HIV as a co-morbidity at Arthur Davison Children’s hospital. It revealed that the trends were decreasing and that out of 483 TB patient, the majority 157(32.5%) of the TB patients were seen in the year 2011, followed by 129(26.7%), 84(17.4%), 57(11.8%) and 56(11.6%) representing the year 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. Findings on the age range most affected are that the majority 282(58.4%) of the TB patients were aged (5-12) years old while 201(41.6%) were aged between (1-5) years old. Therefore, the age range most affected by TB was between (5-12) years. The TB proportion results showed that Out of 483, the majority 467(96.7%) of the TB patient type were newly diagnosed, followed by 13(2.7%), 2(.4%) and the rest 1(.2%) that were Relapse, Trans-in and Treatment resumed respectively. And that many 467(96.7%) of TB condition types were PTB while 16(3.3%) were EPTB. Furthermore, the majority of 463(95.9%) were diagnosed by X-ray while 20(4.1%) were diagnosed by smear microscopy. And lastly In terms of HIV as a co-morbidity, the majority 175(36.2%) of the TB patients were HIV positive, followed by 173(35.8%) that were HIV negative while the rest 135(28%) of the TB patients were not tested for HIV CONCLUSIONS This study reports that the trends of TB in children aged 1-12 years have been decreasing from 2015 to 2011 .And the age range most affected was found to have been 5-12 years and the proportion of TB cases were mostly newly diagnosed and the diagnosis was made by use x-ray and lastly the large proportion of TB patients had tested positive for HIV as a co-morbidity. Therefore efforts should be made to sustain this decreasing trend of childhood TB.

Visualization of Invasion into the Body and Internal Diffusion of Nanoparticles

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 569-572
Author(s):  
Fumio Watari ◽  
Shigeaki Abe ◽  
I.D. Rosca ◽  
Atsuro Yokoyama ◽  
Motohiro Uo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Diffusion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Level ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Internal Body

Nanoparticles may invade directly into the internal body through the respiratory or digestive system and diffuse inside body. The behavior of nanoparticles in the internal body is also essential to comprehend for the realization of DDS. Thus it is necessary to reveal the internal dynamics for the proper treatments and biomedical applications of nanoparticles. In the present study the plural methods with different principles such as X-ray scanning analytical microscope (XSAM), MRI and Fluorescent microscopy were applied to enable the observation of the internal diffusion of micro/nanoparticles in the (1) whole body level, (2) inner organ level and (3) tissue and intracellular level. Chemical analysis was also done by ICP-AES for organs and compared with the results of XSAM mapping.

scholarly journals Mobilizing the Sense of “Fat”: A Phenomenological Materialist Approach

Human Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Slatman
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Materialism ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Conceptual Frame ◽  
Fat Bodies ◽  
The Way ◽  
Phenomenological Exploration

AbstractThis paper aims to mobilize the way we think and write about fat bodies while drawing on Jean-Luc Nancy’s philosophy of the body. I introduce Nancy’s approach to the body as an addition to contemporary new materialism. His philosophy, so I argue, offers a form of materialism that allows for a phenomenological exploration of the body. As such, it can help us to understand the lived experiences of fat embodiment. Additionally, Nancy’s idea of the body in terms of a “corpus”—a collection of pieces without a unity—together with his idea of corpus-writing—fragmentary writing, without head and tail—can help us to mobilize fixed meanings of fat. To apply Nancy’s conceptual frame to a concrete manifestation of fat embodiment, I provide a reading of Roxane Gay’s memoir Hunger (2017). In my analysis, I identify how the materiality of fat engenders the meaning of embodiment, and how it shapes how a fat body can and cannot be a body. Moreover, I propose that Gay’s writing style—hesitating and circling – involves an example of corpus-writing. The corpus of corpulence that Gay has created gives voice to the precariousness of a fat body's materialization.

scholarly journals Enzymes, Reacting with Organophosphorus Compounds as Detoxifiers: Diversity and Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Ilya Lyagin ◽  
Elena Efremenko
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Living Organisms

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are able to interact with various biological targets in living organisms, including enzymes. The binding of OPCs to enzymes does not always lead to negative consequences for the body itself, since there are a lot of natural biocatalysts that can catalyze the chemical transformations of the OPCs via hydrolysis or oxidation/reduction and thereby provide their detoxification. Some of these enzymes, their structural differences and identity, mechanisms, and specificity of catalytic action are discussed in this work, including results of computational modeling. Phylogenetic analysis of these diverse enzymes was specially realized for this review to emphasize a great area for future development(s) and applications.

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