The effects of altering gill water flow on gas transfer in rainbow trout

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2466-2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Iwama ◽  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
T. A. Heming ◽  
D. J. Randall ◽  
M. Mazeaud
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Volume Ventilation ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Trout Gill

The relationship between gill ventilation and gas transfer was studied in rainbow trout. Gill ventilation volumes were experimentally manipulated and blood gases as well as oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer across the gill were measured. At ventilation volumes below about 100 mL/min, there was an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in blood oxygen tensions. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates in this range also declined with ventilation volume. Ventilation volumes below this level, therefore, may limit gas exchange and change blood gas tensions given constant metabolic rates. Ventilation volumes greater than 100 mL/min had little effect on blood gas tensions.

scholarly journals Investigation of the relationship between umbilical cord pH and intraventricular hemorrhage of infants delivered preterm

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-656
Author(s):  
Ali Mazouri ◽  
Mahtab Massahi ◽  
Nasrin Khalesi ◽  
Ladan Younesi asl ◽  
Mandana Kashaki
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Intraventricular Hemorrhage ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Type Of Delivery ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We measured the level of pH gases in premature infants at birth, and examined the relationship between brain ultrasonography on the third and seventh day after birth. A case-control study conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital, Iran, during the years 2016-2017. METHODS: All premature infants who were admitted to NICU were enrolled in the current study. At birth, a blood gas sample was taken from the umbilical cord of the infants. On the third and seventh day after birth, an ultrasound of the brain of each neonate was performed by a radiologist. The umbilical cord was evaluated for blood gases in 72 neonates (mostly boys). RESULTS: Sixty-six newborns had normal sonography, and 16.7% (12 cases) had anomalies. A total of 75% of the 8 infants with intravenous bleeding were girls, which were significantly different from those in the non-hemodynamic group (62.5% male) (P 0.049). However, the type of delivery, mean weight, height, head circumference, the circumference of the chest, and Apgar score did not differ between the two groups. Mean pH, HCO3– and PCO2 in umbilical cord blood gas samples were not significantly different between the two groups with or without intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Although it was not related to gender and type of delivery in newborns CONCLUSION: Blood gases do not help in determining the occurrence of IVH in infants. Nevertheless, it is associated with immaturity and fetal age.

The effects of five fish anaesthetics on acid–base balance, hematocrit, blood gases, cortisol, and adrenaline in rainbow trout

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2065-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Iwama ◽  
James C. McGeer ◽  
Mark P. Pawluk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Deep Anaesthesia

Some physiological aspects of five fish anaesthetics in rainbow trout were investigated. The effects of benzocaine, 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222 (Sandoz), metomidate, and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) on acid–base regulation, hematocrit, blood gases, and cortisol and adrenaline concentrations were determined in resting rainbow trout fitted with chronic catheters in the dorsal aorta. A severe hypoxia developed with the cessation of breathing in deep anaesthesia. This was accompanied by a rise in blood [Formula: see text] and adrenaline concentration, and a fall in blood pH. Blood bicarbonate concentrations remained unchanged and cortisol concentrations declined with time. There was a transient increase in hematocrit coinciding with the increase in adrenaline concentrations.

A nonthrombogenic diffusion membrane for continuous in vivo measurement of blood gases by mass spectrometry

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Brantigen ◽  
V. L. Gott ◽  
M. L. Vestal ◽  
G. J. Fergusson ◽  
W. H. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
In Vivo Measurement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Devices ◽  
Diffusion Membrane ◽  
Gauge Stainless Steel

A heparinized silicone rubber diffusion membrane covering a 22-gauge stainless steel intravascular cannula allows continuous in vivo measurement of blood gas tensions by mass spectrometry in an unheparinized animal or patient. This system has been tested in the aortas of a series of five dogs for periods up to 24 hr, and nonheparinized controls have been used in two dogs. The controls showed evidence of membrane coagulation, but the heparinized membranes were non-thrombogenic and provided quantitatively accurate measurements of Po2 and Pco2 throughout. nonthrombogenic materials; blood gas tensions; oxygen; carbon dioxide; monitoring devices Submitted on July 18, 1969

Proton Transport and Chloride Cells in the Gill of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 988-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Petter Berg Justesen ◽  
Torbjørn Dall-Larsen ◽  
Leiv Klungsøyr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Proton Transport ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Submitochondrial Particles ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Trout Gill

Particulate preparations from freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill homogenates contain an active magnesium ion activated ATPase that transports protons into the vesicles. Oligomycin at a concentration of 20 μg∙mL−1 had little effect on the proton transport, which was completely inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. This inhibition was partly counteracted by dithiothreitol. Proton transport in freshwater trout gill submitochondrial particles was completely inhibited by oligomycin. When freshwater trout were kept for 40 min in water equilibrated with air containing 5% carbon dioxide, their gill lamellar epithelium contained many cells densely covered with erect microvilli. After changing to water bubbled with room air, the cells rapidly lost their microvilli. Control fish that were killed immediately after removal from the storage tank also had microvilli, but less erect and fewer in number. Labelled latex microspheres and dextran were used as markers for external medium uptake into gill epithelial cells. The fish were pretreated by bubbling the water by air containing 5% carbon dioxide, and the uptake took place when the water was bubbled with room air.

scholarly journals The Oxygen Uptake of the Lobster (Homarus Vulgaris Edw.)

1954 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-251
Author(s):  
H. J. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Respiratory Movements

1. In sea water the oxygen uptake of Homarus vulgaris is directly proportional to the oxygen concentration. The relationship applies over the temperature range 6-18°C. 2. Within specified limits of size and condition, oxygen uptake is the same for both sexes. 3. The relative oxygen uptake in sea water decreases as the weight of the animal increases. 4. Oxygen uptake in sea water is effected mainly through the gills. The abdominal swimmerets, however, also serve in respiration and account for approximately 3 % of the total oxygen uptake. 5. In sea water of constant oxygen tension, oxygen uptake increases with increasing temperature. 6. Increase in oxygen uptake with temperature in sea water is mainly brought about by an increase in the gill ventilation rate. In addition, the degree of utilization increases. The relationship is a direct reflexion of the increased metabolic activity. 7. The ventilation rate of gills is unaffected by a decrease of oxygen. 8. The percentage of oxygen extracted by the gills increases as the oxygen concentration of the medium decreases. 9. Under the influence of carbon dioxide respiratory movements become retarded at acidities greater than about pH 7.0 and are completely inhibited at around pH 6.5. At acidities less than pH 7.0 changes in the carbon dioxide concentration are without effect on the rate of the respiratory movements. 10. The oxygen uptake in air, notwithstanding its low level, is directly proportional to temperature. 11. The significance of the above results in relation to the respiratory functions of the blood is discussed.

scholarly journals Arterio-VENouS Intra Subject agreement for blood gases within intensive care: The AVENSIS study

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Vinodh B Nanjayya ◽  
Phoebe McCracken ◽  
Shirley Vallance ◽  
Jasmin Board ◽  
Patrick J Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Central Venous

Background In critically ill patients, who require multiple blood gas assessments, agreement between arterial and venous blood gas values for pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, is not clear. Good agreement would mean that venous values could be used to assess ventilation and metabolic status of patients in intensive care unit. Methods All adult patients admitted to Alfred intensive care unit, Melbourne, from February 2013 to January 2014, who were likely to have arterial and central venous lines for three days, were enrolled. Patients on extra-corporeal life support and pregnant women were excluded. After enrolment, near simultaneous arterial and central venous sampling and analysis were performed at least once per nursing shift till the lines were removed or the patient died. Bland-Altman analysis for repeated measures was performed to assess the agreement between arterio-venous pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Results A total of 394 paired blood gas analyses were performed from 59 participants. The median (IQR) number of samples per patient was 6 (5–9) with the median (IQR) sampling interval 9.4 (5.2–18.5) h. The mean bias for pH was  + 0.036 with 95% limits of agreement ranging from − 0.005 to + 0.078. For partial pressure of carbon dioxide, the values were −2.58 and −10.43 to + 5.27 mmHg, respectively. Conclusions The arterio-venous agreement for pH in intensive care unit patients appears to be acceptable. However, the agreement for partial pressure of carbon dioxide was poor.

scholarly journals Resting respiratory behavior in minimally instrumented toads - effects of very long apneas on blood gases and pH

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Coelho ◽  
N. J. Smatresk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Water Oxygen ◽  
Respiratory Behavior ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Low Levels

Resting respiratory behavior of Bufo marinus in minimally instrumented toads is described for a period of 24 hours in which the animals are left undisturbed. Torpor-related long apneas are described and their implications for blood gas levels are investigated. Results show that the resting ventilation rate of Bufo marinus is much lower than that reported so far. Levels of arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH are monitored during artificial long apneas induced by anesthesia. The toads showed an unexpected ability to unload carbon dioxide by non-respiratory means, even while being kept on dry plastic box with no access to water. Oxygen arterial partial pressure dropped to very low levels after one hour of apnea. This suggests that these animals may endure very well severe hypoxia for long periods of time while in torpor.

Conceptual and Design Features of a Practical, Clinically Effective Intravenous Mechanical Blood Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Exchange Device (Ivox)

1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 384-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Mortensen ◽  
G. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Hollow Fibers ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Planning Stage

Conceptual and design features of a new intravascular blood gas exchange device include: placing multiple, thin-walled microporous hollow fibers in an elongated arrangement with a small overall outside diameter; covering the outer surface of each microporous hollow fiber with an ultrathin continuous silicone coating; forming the hollow fibers into a configuration that produces disturbed flow of blood over the external surface of each fiber; placing the device in the subject's vena cava through a femoral or jugular venotomy; producing a flow of oxygen through the lumens of the hollow fibers, permitting exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the venous blood outside and the gas inside the hollow fibers. Based on these principles, a practical, easily insertible, disposable, intravenacaval blood gas exchange device (IVOX) has been fabricated. Currently, devices with from 2,000 to 6,000 square centimeters of gas transfer surface area are being placed in the vena cavae of dogs and sheep for up to 7 days without altering the animal's hemodynamics, without producing serious hematologic sequelae, and with the capability of transferring in excess of 100 ml of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the venous blood of an intact, awake, standing animal. Clinical trials on human subjects with severe, acute, potentially reversible respiratory failure are in the planning stage.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the cardiopulmonary and antinociceptive effects of bupivacaine administered epidurally at the first lumbar vertebra in awake dogs

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1395-1402
Author(s):  
P.E.S. Silva ◽  
N. Nunes ◽  
A.P. Gering ◽  
T.C. Prada ◽  
A.P.R. Simões ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Antinociceptive Effect ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Parametric Data

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of epidural bupivacaine administration at the first lumbar vertebra on cardiopulmonary variables, arterial blood gases and anti-nociception. Sixteen healthy female dogs were randomly assigned into two groups based on bupivacaine dose: G1 group, 1mg kg-1 or G2 group, 2mg kg-1, diluted in the same final volume (1mL4kg-1). Cardiopulmonary variables were measured and arterial blood gas was collected (T0), it was repeated 10 minutes after intravenous administration of butorphanol 0.4mg kg -1 (T1). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous etomidate at 2mg kg-1 and the epidural catheter was introduced and placed at the first lumbar vertebra. Thirty minutes later, bupivacaine was administered epidurally. Cardiopulmonary measurements and arterial blood gas analysis were recorded at 10 minute intervals (T2 to T6). Evaluation of pre surgical anti-nociception was performed at 5 minute intervals for 30 minutes by clamping the hind limbs, anus, vulva, and tail with the dogs awake. Subsequently, ovariohysterectomy was performed and adequacy of surgical anti-nociception was evaluated at 5 time points. Parametric data were analyzed using the F test with a <0.05 significance. After bupivacaine administration, there were differences between groups just for bicarbonate means (HCO3 -) on T6 (P=0.0198), with 18.7±1.3 and 20.4±0.8 for G1 and G2, respectively. After T1, before bupivacaine administration, both groups presented a slightly lower pH, base excess (BE), the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PECO2), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), suggesting mild metabolic acidosis. G2 showed better antinociceptive effect both before and during surgery. It was possible to perform ovariohysterectomy in 87.5% of the G2 bitches and 25% of the G1 bitches. The two doses of bupivacaine evaluated do not cause important alterations in the studied parameters and the dose of 2mg kg-1 results in a better antinociceptive effect.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology and clinical consequences of arterial blood gases and pH after cardiac arrest

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Robba ◽  
Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba ◽  
Andras Sikter ◽  
Denise Battaglini ◽  
Wojciech Dąbrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Clinical Consequences

AbstractPost cardiac arrest syndrome is associated with high morbidity and mortality, which is related not only to a poor neurological outcome but also to respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunctions. The control of gas exchange, and in particular oxygenation and carbon dioxide levels, is fundamental in mechanically ventilated patients after resuscitation, as arterial blood gases derangement might have important effects on the cerebral blood flow and systemic physiology.In particular, the pathophysiological role of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is strongly underestimated, as its alterations quickly affect also the changes of intracellular pH, and consequently influence metabolic energy and oxygen demand. Hypo/hypercapnia, as well as mechanical ventilation during and after resuscitation, can affect CO2 levels and trigger a dangerous pathophysiological vicious circle related to the relationship between pH, cellular demand, and catecholamine levels. The developing hypocapnia can nullify the beneficial effects of the hypothermia. The aim of this review was to describe the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of arterial blood gases and pH after cardiac arrest.According to our findings, the optimal ventilator strategies in post cardiac arrest patients are not fully understood, and oxygen and carbon dioxide targets should take in consideration a complex pattern of pathophysiological factors. Further studies are warranted to define the optimal settings of mechanical ventilation in patients after cardiac arrest.

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