Proton Transport and Chloride Cells in the Gill of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 988-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Petter Berg Justesen ◽  
Torbjørn Dall-Larsen ◽  
Leiv Klungsøyr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Proton Transport ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Submitochondrial Particles ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Trout Gill

Particulate preparations from freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill homogenates contain an active magnesium ion activated ATPase that transports protons into the vesicles. Oligomycin at a concentration of 20 μg∙mL−1 had little effect on the proton transport, which was completely inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. This inhibition was partly counteracted by dithiothreitol. Proton transport in freshwater trout gill submitochondrial particles was completely inhibited by oligomycin. When freshwater trout were kept for 40 min in water equilibrated with air containing 5% carbon dioxide, their gill lamellar epithelium contained many cells densely covered with erect microvilli. After changing to water bubbled with room air, the cells rapidly lost their microvilli. Control fish that were killed immediately after removal from the storage tank also had microvilli, but less erect and fewer in number. Labelled latex microspheres and dextran were used as markers for external medium uptake into gill epithelial cells. The fish were pretreated by bubbling the water by air containing 5% carbon dioxide, and the uptake took place when the water was bubbled with room air.

Acclimation of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Low Environmental pH Does Not Involve an Activation of the Pituitary-interrenal Axis, but Evokes Adjustments in Branchial Ultrastructure

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2532-2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. M. Balm ◽  
T. G. Pottinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Two strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to soft water at pH 4.0 for 14 days, after ambient pH was reduced gradually. Several parameters, either indicators of acid stress, or reportedly involved in the adaptive response to low pH, were monitored. No mortality occurred during the exposure period; feeding behavior, haematocrit, and plasma protein levels were not affected. A transient depression of leucocrit was observed. A minor, but significant, hypochloremia and perturbations in plasma glucose levels occurred in acid-exposed fish from one strain only. There was no evidence of activation of the pituitary-interrenal axis in acid-exposed fish. Baseline plasma ACTH and Cortisol levels were indistinguishable from those of control fish, and there was no evidence of sensitization to additional stress in acid-exposed fish, in vitro baseline and ACTH-stimulated Cortisol secretion was not significantly different in the two groups. Ultrastructural evidence indicated an increased turnover rate of chloride cells and leucocyte infiltration in gills of acid-exposed fish. These results suggest that interrenal activation and catastrophic ion loss are not inevitable consequences of exposure of rainbow trout to pH 4.0 and that ultrastructural changes in the gills indicate locally regulated adaptive mechanisms.

scholarly journals Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Selected Antigens of Yersinia ruckeri

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unal Ispir ◽  
H. Bayram Gokhan ◽  
Mikail Ozcan ◽  
Mustafa Dorucu ◽  
Naim Saglam
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Fish Group

In this study, effects of Yersinia ruckeri antigens on the immune mechanisms of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined. The weight of the 120 fish used in this study was 20–30 g. After injecting 1 mg of formalin-inactivated whole cells (FKC) and O-antigen (Ag-O) intraperitoneally, blood was taken from the caudal vein of anaesthetized fish and metabolic activity of leukocytes (Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activities), phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI), serum protein and serum total immunoglobulin (TIg) levels were determined on day 30 after the first immunization. The same procedure was conducted in the control group. In all the experimental groups, considerable increases in the immune indicators were found and significant differences detected between the control and experimental groups (p < 0.05). Metabolic activity of leukocytes decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during the following treatment with antigens compared to the control fish group.

The adrenergic volume changes of immature and mature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (19) ◽  
pp. 3025-3031 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lecklin ◽  
A. Tuominen ◽  
M. Nikinmaa
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Volume Response ◽  
Fluorescence Polarisation

In this study, we examined whether the adrenergic volume response of teleost erythrocytes is related to cell maturity. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were made anaemic by reducing their haematocrit to approximately 50 % of the original value. After 3–4 weeks, small, young erythrocytes were seen in the circulation. By measuring the volume distribution of blood samples from anaemic fish before and after noradrenaline stimulation (10 min, 10(−5)mol l(−1) final concentration), we were able to show that the volume response of young, immature erythrocytes to catecholamine stimulation was greater than that of mature erythrocytes. In addition, the membrane fluidity, measured using the steady-state fluorescence polarisation method, was greater in anaemic fish after 24 days of recovery from bleeding than in control fish. Since blood from anaemic fish contained a large fraction of immature erythrocytes, this result indicates that the fluidity of the membrane of immature erythrocytes is greater than that of mature erythrocytes.

Shortening of Branchial Tight Junction Acid-Exposed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 2028-2033 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Freda ◽  
D. A. Sanchez ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes ◽  
Gill Structure ◽  
Electrolyte Loss

The objective of this study was to investigate possible sites for Na+ loss in fish exposed to low environmental pH. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to pH 4.0 for 1 h, a net loss of Na+ was stimulated, and changes in gill structure occurred. In addition to epithelial lifting and necrosis in the gills of acid-exposed fish, tight junctions between pavement epithelial cells and chloride cells decreased in length by 25% whereas tight junctions between adjacent pavement cells did not significantly change. In a second experiment where fish were moved from pH 4.0 or 3.5 water to pH 6.5 water, we observed that Na+ loss declined immediately and approached control levels. The reversible nature of the stimulation of Na+ loss indicates that the site of Na+ loss in the fish gill can be reversibly opened and closed, which is consistent with the known properties of tight junctions. We hypothesize that the opening of tight junctions contributes to the loss of plasma electrolytes at low environmental pH. However, the relative magnitude of electrolyte loss through the tight junctions remains unknown.

Effects of Intermittent Chloramine-T Exposure on Growth, Serum Biochemistry, and Fin Condition of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1728-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Powell ◽  
David J. Speare ◽  
Neil MacNair
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chloramine T

Chloramine-T is a commonly used therapeutic agent for the treatment of bacterial gill and skin diseases in the intensive aquaculture of salmonids; however, little is known about its effects on healthy fish. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed weekly to 5, 10, and 20 mg active chloramine-T ingredient∙L−1 in a 20-tank replicate flow-through facility. Control fish were treated with tank water only. Growth parameters and haematocrits were taken twice weekly and serum biochemistry was measured on termination of the experiment. Absolute growth rates were suppressed but only statistically significantly in fish treated with 20 mg chloramine-T∙L−1 compared with controls. Fish exposed to 10 and 20 mg chloramine-T∙L−1 showed significant predisposition to an erosive dermatitis of the caudal fin which appeared to be caused by opportunistic pathogens of the genus Pseudomonas spp. and Flavobacter spp. Haematocrits decreased in controls and ail treatments. A significant concentration-dependent decrease in plasma sodium and chloride was observed. Plasma glucose levels did not vary and were similar to those reported for unstressed trout. We recommend that care be taken when using chloramine-T prophylactically and that concentrations of less than 10 mg∙L−1 be used.

Cell-mediated Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Larval Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda; Ascaridoidea) following Sensitization to Live Sealworm, Sealworm Extract, and Nonhomologous Extracts

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Ramakrishna ◽  
M. D. B. Burt ◽  
B. M. MacKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
Test Fish

The delaved-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction (an in vivo manifestation of cell-mediated immunity) was studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sealworm Pseudoterranova decipiens infections. Test fish immunized with sealworm extract and live intact worms, were compared with control fish which received either phosphate-buffered saline (negative control) or nonhomologous cestode or nematode antigens (positive control). Test fish immunized with sealworm extract produced a typical DTH reaction to live sealworm, challenge. The DTH reaction was similar to that in mammals and showed lymphoid and mononuclear cell infiltration. The electron microscopical studies revealed the presence of activated macrophages and plasma cells in the reaction zone. The specific response, following immunization with homologous antigens, supports the existence of T-cell function with anamnesis in rainbow trout exposed to sealworm antigens. However, when the test fish were immunized with live sealworms and later challenged with live sealworms, the secondary response was poor and showed no difference from controls and naive fish.

Branchial Morphological and Endocrine Responses of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to a Long-Term Sublethal Acid Exposure In Which Acclimation Did Not Occur

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Audet ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Diffusion Distance ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Changes in branchial morphology and in plasma Cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline were quantified throughout an 81 -d exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to sublethal acidity (pH 4.8) in artificial soft water and after a 5-h acid challenge (pH 4.0) of naive fish and 81-d acid-preexposed fish. Changes in branchial morphology at pH 4.8 were generally very mild and characterized by slight increases in filamental mucous cells and decreases in lamellar mucous cells. Chloride cell numbers and branchial Na+–K+- and total ATPase activities did not change. The filamental epithelium thickened, but the water–blood diffusion distance in the lamellae decreased during chronic exposure. Cortisol was significantly elevated throughout whereas catecholamines exhibited relatively little response. Response to acute pH 4.0 challenge was similar in naive and 81-d acid-exposed fish: epithelial damage, increase in visible mucous cells, loss of chloride cells by necrosis, and high cortisol levels but no changes in lamellar or filamental epithelial thickness, diffusion distance, ATPase activities, or catecholamine levels. Previously reported physiological data from these same trout demonstrated that sensitization rather than acclimation had occurred. Therefore, these observations support the view that acclimation does not occur in the absence of significant branchial damage and repair.

Effects of different ligands on the bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration of dietary Cu and Zn in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria A Kjoss ◽  
Chris M Wood ◽  
D Gordon McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Cu And Zn

The effects of different ligands on the bioavailability of dietary copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) to fish have not been thoroughly investigated. We therefore exposed juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; ~200 mg body weight) to control food or to food supplemented with different Cu (~400 µg·g–1 food) or Zn (~1000 µg·g–1 food) compounds. Tissue metal accumulation was compared among groups. Fish fed CuO showed no differences in tissue Cu concentrations relative to control fish, suggesting that Cu was not readily available for uptake in this form. In contrast, Cu in the form of CuSO4, Cu-proteinate, or Cu-lysine was much more available for uptake, resulting in substantial increases in liver, gut tissue, and whole-body Cu concentrations during the loading phase and decreases during depuration, although liver and whole-body levels remained elevated after 2 weeks. We found no differences in tissue Cu accumulation among these three complexes. There were no effects on growth. For Zn, we found no differences among any of the treatments, including controls, in Zn accumulation or growth. Overall, there was homeostasis of whole-body and tissue-specific Zn concentrations despite the large differences in dietary Zn loads.

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