scholarly journals The Oxygen Uptake of the Lobster (Homarus Vulgaris Edw.)

1954 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-251
Author(s):  
H. J. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Respiratory Movements

1. In sea water the oxygen uptake of Homarus vulgaris is directly proportional to the oxygen concentration. The relationship applies over the temperature range 6-18°C. 2. Within specified limits of size and condition, oxygen uptake is the same for both sexes. 3. The relative oxygen uptake in sea water decreases as the weight of the animal increases. 4. Oxygen uptake in sea water is effected mainly through the gills. The abdominal swimmerets, however, also serve in respiration and account for approximately 3 % of the total oxygen uptake. 5. In sea water of constant oxygen tension, oxygen uptake increases with increasing temperature. 6. Increase in oxygen uptake with temperature in sea water is mainly brought about by an increase in the gill ventilation rate. In addition, the degree of utilization increases. The relationship is a direct reflexion of the increased metabolic activity. 7. The ventilation rate of gills is unaffected by a decrease of oxygen. 8. The percentage of oxygen extracted by the gills increases as the oxygen concentration of the medium decreases. 9. Under the influence of carbon dioxide respiratory movements become retarded at acidities greater than about pH 7.0 and are completely inhibited at around pH 6.5. At acidities less than pH 7.0 changes in the carbon dioxide concentration are without effect on the rate of the respiratory movements. 10. The oxygen uptake in air, notwithstanding its low level, is directly proportional to temperature. 11. The significance of the above results in relation to the respiratory functions of the blood is discussed.

scholarly journals Oxygen Acquisition of the Reedfish, Erpetoichthys Calabaricus

1985 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pettit ◽  
Thomas L. Beitinger
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Gill Ventilation

In normoxic water at 25°C, the reedfish (Erpetoichthys calabaricus) can breathe in both air and water, although water is the primary source of oxygen. This pattern of oxygen partitioning is altered by a number of factors. Increases in metabolic costs (e.g. locomotor activity) and decreases in aquatic oxygen concentration are met by increases in aerial oxygen uptake. Reedfish acclimated to 33°C have increased lung breathing compared with fish acclimated to 25°C. Also, activity stimulates lung breathing more at 33°C than at 25°C. Unexpectedly, weight-specific oxygen uptake rates of reedfish at these two temperatures were not significantly different. Increased lung-breathing compensates for changes in locomotor activity, dissolved oxygen and temperature, allowing reedfish to meet their overall oxygen requirements. Exposure of reedfish to six different combinations of oxygen and carbon dioxide indicated that lung ventilation frequencies were more labile than gill ventilation frequencies. The maximum change in lung ventilation rates was 849% above controls whereas the largest change in gill ventilation frequency was 27%. Exposure of reedfish to hyperoxia significantly depressed both gill and lung ventilation. Hypercapnic gases stimulated gill ventilation at both low (0.5%) and high (5%) concentrations; however, lung ventilation was only stimulated at the higher carbon dioxide concentration. The observed depression of gill ventilation frequencies in reedfish exposed to combinations of hypercapnic and hypoxic gases indicates that the inhibitory effect of low oxygen on gill ventilation dominates the stimulatory effect of hypercapnia. Overall, these data suggest that oxygen exerts a stronger influence in the control of respiration than carbon dioxide in this air- and water-breathing fish. Reedfish survived out of water for 6 and 8h at 25°C without obvious ill effects. Oxygen consumption rates of these fish were significantly less than those of similar sized reedfish measured in water at either 25 or 33°C. The respiratory physiology of the reedfish frees it from aquatic oxygen constraints and allows it to tolerate at least short-term terrestrial exposures.

Dependence of mitosis and respiration in roots upon oxygen tension

1961 ◽  
Vol 154 (954) ◽  
pp. 109-129 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Oxygen Requirement ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Output ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
The Relationship

Excised pea-root tips were incubated for 4 h in gas mixtures containing 0.00001 to 100% oxygen, in order to determine the effect upon mitosis. Below 0.0005% oxygen, mitosis was completely arrested. Between 0.001 and 0.02% oxygen, cells initially in mitosis completed division, but no more cells started dividing. Between 0.05 and 0.2% oxygen, cells initially in interphase entered division, but did not finish. Above 0.5% oxygen, all cells not prevented from dividing by excision finished division within 4 h. After exposure to 0.05% oxygen for 4 h, an excessive proportion of cells was found in prophase; in 0.1% oxygen an excess of metaphases, and in 0.2% oxygen an excess of telophases resulted. The oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output of root tips were measured in a range of oxygen tensions and in anaerobic conditions. The relationship between oxygen uptake and oxygen tension was hyperbolic; a half maximum rate of oxygen uptake was obtained at about 10% oxygen. It was concluded that the respiration of root tips was limited by slow diffusion of oxygen through the tissue. From the carbon dioxide output it was estimated that the amount of energy available to isolated root tips under anaerobic conditions was about 1% of that available under aerobic conditions. Possible mechanisms whereby extreme oxygen-lack could arrest mitosis were considered. It was shown that the arrest was not due to abolition of a gross supply of energy. No evidence was obtained as to what other mechanism might be operative. An hypothesis was formulated in an attempt to explain the complicated relationship between mitosis and oxygen tension. It was assumed that the visible phases of mitosis are immediately preceded by a phase with a higher requirement for oxygen than mitosis, and that preceding this is an earlier phase with a lower oxygen requirement than mitosis.

Factors Influencing Submergence and the Heart Rate in the Frog

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-431
Author(s):  
D. R. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Critical Oxygen ◽  
Critical Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Critical Carbon Dioxide

1. The ability of the frog to remain submerged declines as the oxygen concentration in the water falls or the carbon dioxide content rises. The critical oxygen concentration appears to be about 5 mg./l. and the critical carbon dioxide concentration 100 mg./l. at temperatures around 10° C. 2. Submergence results in a decrease in heart rate which develops over a period of 15-30 min. but which disappears immediately the animal surfaces and breathes. The bradycardia is accentuated by oxygen lack or carbon dioxide excess. 3. During submergence the heart is influenced by two main factors, the shortage of oxygen and the cessation of breathing movements, both of which contribute to the decrease in rate. The former can still affect rate after vagotomy. The connexion between breathing and heart rate is dependent on the nervous system, though the detailed pathway is not worked out.

Estimation of Ventilation Rate in Houses Using Time-Activity Pattern and Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentration

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyoeng Byeon ◽  
Sunshin Kim ◽  
Hyeon-Su Ryu ◽  
Jinhyeon Park ◽  
Juri Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Time Activity

Environment in stone chamber of an unexcavated tumulus and preservation of buried relics: Part 1. Environmental monitoring for simulated tumulus

2020 ◽  
pp. 174425912091390
Author(s):  
Huarong Xie ◽  
Daisuke Ogura ◽  
Hiroyuki Yasui ◽  
Nobumitsu Takatori ◽  
Shuichi Hokoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Metal Corrosion ◽  
Small Temperature ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Hygrothermal Environments ◽  
Term Monitoring

Japan has many unexcavated tumuli, most of which were buried along with artifacts of precious cultural heritage. For such a tumulus, it is essential to understand how changes in its exterior environment affect its interior environment, and how those interior changes affect the deterioration of the relics buried in the stone chamber. In this study, an underground space was constructed in the forest of the Katsura Campus of Kyoto University to simulate the environment of an unexcavated tumulus, and long-term monitoring was implemented in the simulated stone chamber, including the temperature, humidity, water potential, wetness, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, along with metal corrosion tests. This article is focused on environmental monitoring, and the results demonstrate that the simulated tumulus has the general characteristics of the hygrothermal environments of an unexcavated tumulus that has small temperature fluctuation and near-saturation humidity. The ceiling of the simulated chamber condensed significantly from October to April, which is related to the variations of the ceiling and floor temperatures. Also, the wetness of the walls in the simulated chamber was affected by rainfall. The oxygen concentration in the simulated stone chamber varied in the range of 13%–19% in 2015, and the variation of carbon dioxide concentration in the simulated stone chamber was contrary to the oxygen concentration and varied in the range of 3%–9% in 2016. The oxygen concentration in the stone chamber was similar to that in the surrounding soil that decreased at times of rainfall, contrary to the fluctuations in the soil water content.

Effect of oxygen concentration on the rates of photosynthesis and photorespiration of some higher plants

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. D'Aoust ◽  
D. T. Canvin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
Leaf Chamber ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen

Carbon dioxide gas exchange of leaf material was studied in the light at different oxygen tensions for two CO2 concentrations, using an isotope technique. With bean, radish, and tobacco leaves in the leaf chamber, increasing the oxygen tension resulted in a significant alteration in the 14CO2/CO2 ratio of the gas mixture leaving the leaf chamber as compared to that offered to the leaf material. On estimating the rates of “true’ and apparent photosynthesis it was found that below 5% oxygen concentration the rates were not significantly different. However, increasing the oxygen concentration of the gas mixture resulted in a proportional decrease in the rates of true and of apparent photosynthesis. The increasing oxygen tension also resulted in proportional increases in the CO2 evolution (true photosynthesis minus apparent photosynthesis). The percentage inhibition of apparent photosynthesis was greater at low carbon dioxide concentration, while the inhibition of true photosynthesis was not as sensitive to the carbon dioxide level. The inhibition of apparent photosynthesis was not entirely attributable to the increased photorespiration but was roughly equally divided between an inhibition of true photosynthesis and a stimulation of CO2 evolution in the light.However, with corn leaf material, there was no effect of oxygen concentration on both the rates of true and apparent photosynthesis; also, no large CO2 evolution could be detected as emerging from leaf in the light at any of the oxygen concentrations tested.

Measuring the Carbon Dioxide Metabolism of Aquatic Organisms

1964 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Beyers ◽  
Bill Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
High School Biology ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Biology Laboratory ◽  
The Relationship

A method of measuring the carbon dioxide metabolism of aquatic organisms based on the relationship of acidity and carbon dioxide concentration in water is presented. This method is suitable for use in any high school biology laboratory possessing a modern pH meter. Experimental examples of the metabolism of a fish and an aquarium are shown, and three tables of constants are given to aid in the calculations necessary to this method. Additional experiments using the method are suggested.

The effects of altering gill water flow on gas transfer in rainbow trout

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2466-2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Iwama ◽  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
T. A. Heming ◽  
D. J. Randall ◽  
M. Mazeaud
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Volume Ventilation ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Trout Gill

The relationship between gill ventilation and gas transfer was studied in rainbow trout. Gill ventilation volumes were experimentally manipulated and blood gases as well as oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer across the gill were measured. At ventilation volumes below about 100 mL/min, there was an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in blood oxygen tensions. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates in this range also declined with ventilation volume. Ventilation volumes below this level, therefore, may limit gas exchange and change blood gas tensions given constant metabolic rates. Ventilation volumes greater than 100 mL/min had little effect on blood gas tensions.

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