Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Amphilinidea Poche, 1922 (Platyhelminthes: Cercomeria: Cercomeromorpha)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1110-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Bandoni ◽  
Daniel R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Consistency Index ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
Index Value ◽  
High Degree

Systematic relationships of amphilinidean platyhelminth species were investigated. Eight species and three genera are considered valid. Analysis of 46 character states comprising 34 homologous series produced a single phylogenetic tree with a consistency index value of 87%, indicating a very low degree of parallelism in the evolution of amphilinidean morphology. Comparison of host and parasite phylogenies produced a fit of 70%, suggesting a high degree of coevolution between amphilinideans and their teleostean hosts. The geographic distribution of the amphilinideans was compared with four current hypotheses of area relationship for the southern land masses. Consistency index values obtained range from 87.5% to 100%, indicating that vicariance may be sufficient to explain the biogeographic distribution of amphilinidean platyhelminths.

Phylogenetic analysis of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes: Cercomeria) with comments on their adaptive radiation

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Brooks ◽  
Richard T. O'Grady ◽  
David R. Glen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Morphological Change ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Morphological Diversification ◽  
Ecological Diversification ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Adaptive Radiations ◽  
Low Levels

Phylogenetic analysis of 63 digenean family groups, based on 113 adult characters and 90 larval characters, produced a phylogenetic tree comprising nine orders. Adult characters alone resolved 76% of the phylogenetic tree, whereas larval characters alone resolved 74%. There was no disagreement in phylogenetic inferences drawn from only larval or only adult characters, and yet the larval forms of digeneans do not seem to be recapitulations of ancestral adult forms. The consistency index for the tree is 74%, indicating a low degree of parallel evolution in digenean morphology. Diversification in six sets of ecological characteristics combined resolves 26% of the phylogenetic tree. The combination of (i) larval and adult congruence in the absence of recapitulation, (ii) low levels of parallel evolution in morphology, and (iii) ecological diversification lagging far behind morphological change discounts traditional notions of adaptive radiations. Digeneans have experienced great morphological diversification constrained by their developmental programs and history, and have maintained their functional intergrity with few changes caused by extrinsic, "adaptive," forces.

Phylogenetic relationships within hump-winged grigs, Cyphoderris (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Haglidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 1003-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kumala ◽  
D A McLennan ◽  
D R Brooks ◽  
A C Mason
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Consistency Index ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Almost All

The genus Cyphoderris, or hump-winged grigs, is represented by three species of cold-adapted, acoustic Ensifera with a geographic distribution that is generally restricted to the high-elevation coniferous forests of western North America. A phylogenetic analysis based on 29 morphological and 3 behavioural characters produced one tree, (C. buckelli (C. strepitans, C. monstrosa)) with a consistency index of 1.0. We discuss possible explanations for the observation that almost all of the autapomorphic change was concentrated in C. monstrosa.

Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Gyrocotylidea Poche, 1926 (Platyhelminthes: Cercomeria: Cercomeromorpha)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2369-2389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Bandoni ◽  
Daniel R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Tectonic Plate ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
Later Phase

Phylogenetic analysis of 10 gyrocotylidean platyhelminth species, based on 24 character states comprising 13 homologous series, produced two similar phylogenetic trees of equal length. The consistency index value for each tree is 87.5%, indicating a low degree of parallel evolution in the morphology of gyrocotylidean platyhelminths. Slightly more than half of the observed associations between gyrocotylideans and holocephalan hosts can be attributed to coevolution. Remaining associations must be attributed to colonization, but these represent recolonizations of plesiomorphic hosts. The geographic distribution of gyrocotylideans remains enigmatic, as part of it seems to predate tectonic plate movements. Extensive dispersal has occurred; dispersal events are correlated with host transfers. It is hypothesized that the origin of gyrocotylideans predates separation of the continents, and that there were two phases in the evolution of the gyrocotylideans, an initial phase of coevolution and a later phase of colonization and dispersal.

Stimulation of β-(l → 6)-glucanase production by oxidized pustulan

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1543-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Degree Of Oxidation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Stimulation Of

A strain of Penicillium lilacinum, isolated from soil, produced pustulanase, β-(1 → 3)-glucanase, (EC. 3.2.1.6) and cellulase (EC.3.2.1.4) when cultivated on a medium containing pustulan as the sole source of carbon. If pustulan was replaced by ketopustulan, the production of pustulanase was stimulated about 10-fold although the amount of stimulation was dependent on the degree of oxidation of pustulan. β-(1 → 3)-Glucanase production was stimulated slightly by ketopustulan; however, the degree of oxidation did not affect significantly the yield of this enzyme. Cellulase production was either unaffected by the oxidized polymer, or at higher degrees of oxidation, decreased. Tween 80 stimulated the production of the three enzymes in media containing ketopustulan with a low degree of oxidation but was inhibitory to pustulanase and cellulase production in media containing ketopustulan with a high degree of oxidation. A combination of gel filtration and isoelectric focusing revealed that each enzyme activity was attributable to at least two proteins.

Rhizocarpon smaragdulum, a new monosporic yellow-thalline species and some additional species of the genus Rhizocarpon from the Altai Mountains (Siberia)

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny A. DAVYDOV ◽  
Lidia S. YAKOVCHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Altai Mountains ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Sister Relationship

AbstractRhizocarpon smaragdulum Davydov & Yakovchenko sp. nov. is described and a phylogenetic analysis (ITS, mtSSU) is presented, confirming its distinctiveness and indicating a sister relationship with R. suomiense and R. subgeminatum. The species is unique among yellow Rhizocarpon species in having a single hyaline ascospore per ascus. The phylogenetic tree suggests that the number of ascospores per ascus has been reduced in Rhizocarpon more than once during the course of its evolution. Two new distributional records are also reported: Rhizocarpon atroflavescens is new for Siberia and R. norvegicum is new for the Altai Mountains. Rhizocarpon norvegicum in this region grows on rocks and is also lichenicolous on Acarospora bullata.

scholarly journals Interactions Between Chill-Hours and Degree-Days Affect Carpogenic Germination in Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Scherm ◽  
A. T. Savelle ◽  
P. L. Pusey
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Carpogenic Germination ◽  
Conditioning Period ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Heating Degree Days ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of cumulative chill-hours (hours with a mean temperature <7.2°C) and heating degree-days (base 7.2°C) to carpogenic germination of pseudosclerotia of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, which causes mummy berry disease of blueberry, was investigated. In two laboratory experiments, pseudosclerotia collected from rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia were conditioned at 5 to 6°C for 26 to 1,378 h prior to placement in conditions favorable for germination and apothecium development. The number of chill-hours accumulated during the conditioning period affected the subsequent proportion of pseudosclerotia that germinated and produced apothecia, with the greatest incidence of carpogenic germination occurring after intermediate levels of chilling (≈700 chill-hours). The minimum chilling requirement for germination and apothecium production was considerably lower than that reported previously for pseudo-sclerotia from highbush blueberry in northern production regions. The rate of carpogenic germination was strongly affected by interactions between the accumulation of chill-hours and degree-days during the conditioning and germination periods; pseudosclerotia exposed to prolonged chilling periods, once transferred to suitable conditions, germinated and produced apothecia more rapidly (after fewer degree-days had accumulated) than those exposed to shorter chilling periods. Thus, pseudosclerotia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi are adapted to germinate carpogenically following cold winters (high chill-hours, low degree-days) as well as warm winters (low chill-hours, high degree-days). Results were validated in a combined field-laboratory experiment in which pseudosclerotia that had received various levels of natural chilling were allowed to germinate in controlled conditions in the laboratory, and in two field experiments in which pseudosclerotia were exposed to natural chilling and germination conditions. A simple model describing the timing of apothecium emergence in relation to cumulative chill-hours and degree-days was developed based on the experiments. The model should be useful for better timing of field scouting programs for apothecia to aid in management of primary infection by M. vaccinii-corymbosi.

Leadership Styles of Public Schools Principals in the City of Hail in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: أنماط القيادة لدى مدراء مدارس التعليم العام في مدينة حائل في المملكة العربية السعودية

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (41) ◽  
pp. 161-138
Author(s):  
Fahad Husain Alshammari Fahad Husain Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
School Principals ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Public School Principals ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Study Population ◽  
High Degree

    This study aimed to: Identify the leadership style prevailing among public school principals in Hail from the teachers ’point of view, and to reveal the statistical significance of the differences in the estimates of the study sample individuals of the leadership style prevailing among school principals, which may due to variables of (educational stage, number of years of experience, and specialization). The researcher used the descriptive method, and prepared a questionnaire consisting of (24) statements distributed to (3) dimensions, which are: Democratic style, authoritarian style and chaotic style. The current study population included all the teachers of public education schools in Hail, who numbered (9390) teachers. The questionnaire was applied to a random sample of (296) teachers. The study found a set of results, the most important of which are: The prevailing leadership style among school principals is the democratic style, followed by the authoritarian style, and then the chaotic style. Where the democratic style obtained a mean (4.18) and a high degree of approval from the study sample, while the domineering style obtained a mean (1.83) and a low degree of approval from the study sample, and the chaotic style obtained an average (1.73) and a low degree of approval. Very members of the study sample. The results also showed that there are statistically significant differences in the degree of the study sample’s estimates of the leadership style prevailing among school principals due to the variable of years of experience, while there are no statistically significant differences in the degree of the study sample’s estimates of the leadership style prevailing among school principals due to the variables of the educational stage or specialization. In light of these results, the researcher recommended organizing training courses for school principals to enlighten them about the modern trends in educational leadership, and urged school principals to follow the democratic style of administration.

scholarly journals Genetic linkage map of Phaseolus vulgaris and identification of QTLs responsible for resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaury S. Santos ◽  
Ricardo E. Bressan-Smith ◽  
Messias G. Pereira ◽  
Rosana Rodrigues ◽  
Claudia F. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Linkage Map ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Xanthomonas Axonopodis ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Phenotypic Variations ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
High Degree

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars with a high degree of resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) are not available in Brazil. Despite many studies, a low degree of resistance to Xap continues to exist due to its complex genetic inheritance, which is not well known. The objectives of this research were to complement a common bean genetic map based on the cross between a susceptible genotype 'HAB-52' and a resistant genotype 'BAC-6', and to map and analyze genomic regions (quantitative trait loci – QTLs) related to Xap resistance. Eleven linkage groups were determined using 143 RAPD markers, covering 1,234.5 cM of the genome. This map was used to detect QTLs associated with Xap resistance on leaves and pods. The averages of disease severity on leaves (represented by the transformed disease index – TDI) and pods (represented by the diameter of lesion on pods – DLP) were added to the data of the linkage map. Five TDI QTLs and only one LDP QTL were detected. The TDI QTLs were placed in the A, B, G and J linkage groups, with phenotypic variations ranging from 12.7 to 71.6%. The DLP QTL explained 12.9% of the phenotypic variation and was mapped in a distinct linkage group. These results indicate that there are different genes involved in the control of resistance on leaves and pods.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis of Kobuvirus and Astrovirus From Korean Wild Boars: 2016-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihye Shin ◽  
SeEun Choe ◽  
Bang-Hun Hyun ◽  
Dong-Jun An
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Porcine Kobuvirus ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Porcine Astrovirus ◽  
The One

Abstract The prevalence of porcine kobuvirus (PKoV) and porcine astrovirus (PAstV) in 845 Korean wild boars (KWB) during 2016-2018 were 28.0% and 10.6%, respectively, and co-infection of two viruses showed 5.1%. Phylogenetic tree analysis also revealed that 236 PKoVs from KWB were divided to diverse lineages within Aichivirus C group but the one strain (WKoV16CN-8627) was included the same cluster with bovine kobuvirus (Achivirus B). Eighty-nine PAstVs from KWB was belonged predominantly to lineage PAstV4 and only one strain (WAst17JN-10931) included novel to lineage PAstV2. Two viruses are epidemic more in young (≤ 12 months) than in old pigs (> 12 months).

scholarly journals Structure, expression and phylogenetic analysis of the gene encoding actin I in Pneumocystis carinii.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
L D Fletcher ◽  
J M McDowell ◽  
R R Tidwell ◽  
R B Meagher ◽  
C C Dykstra
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Essential Gene ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Comparative Sequence Analysis ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Actin Gene ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Actin Protein ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Actin is a major component of the cytoskeleton and one of the most abundant proteins found in eukaryotic cells. Comparative sequence analysis shows that this essential gene has been highly conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution making it useful for phylogenetic analysis. Complete cDNA clones for the actin-encoding gene were isolated and characterized from Pneumocystis carinii purified from immunosuppressed rat lungs. The nucleotide sequence encodes a protein of 376 amino acids. The predicted actin protein of P. carinii shares a high degree of conservation to other known actins. Only one major actin gene was found in P. carinii. The P. carinii actin sequence was compared with 30 other actin sequences. Gene phylogenies constructed using both neighbor-joining and protein parsimony methods places the P. carinii actin sequence closest to the majority of the fungi. Since the phylogenetic relationship of P. carinii to fungi and protists has been questioned, these data on the actin gene phylogeny support the grouping of P. carinii with the fungi.

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