Body composition of Svalbard reindeer

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1812-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eigil Reimers ◽  
Tata Ringberg ◽  
Rolf Sørumgård
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Svalbard Reindeer ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Fat Liver ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Weight Decrease ◽  
Very High

Tissue and (or) chemical body composition was determined in 18 Svalbard reindeer, aged [Formula: see text] months prepartum to [Formula: see text] years, and in mainland Norway reindeer, aged [Formula: see text] months prepartum to [Formula: see text] years. At the end of the growing season, the fat content in the ingesta-free body was very high (27–40%) in Svalbard reindeer. Two mainland yearling males had 4.5% body fat as compared with 27.8% in a Svalbard male yearling. At the end of winter the weight decrease of Svalbard reindeer was close to 50%. The loss of ash, protein, water, and fat from the body was estimated at 16.8, 30.9, 34.3, and 76.3%, respectively. Animals that had starved to death showed an additional weight loss of 8% and a nearly complete loss of fat. Liver content of Fe increased from 97 mg/kg in late summer to 3463 mg/kg in late winter and 5075 mg/kg in animals that had starved to death. There were significant linear relationships between the percent water and percent fat in the ingesta-free body and between the weight of the fat-free and ingesta-free body and the weight of its components, namely water, protein, and ash.

352. Variations in the carotene and vitamin A contents of certain New Zealand butterfats

1947 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Barnicoat
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Total Vitamin ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Very High

1. Chemical estimations of carotene and vitamin A in New Zealand butters from two of the principal butter-making districts of the North Island during the seasons 1935–6 show that the total vitamin A potency was fairly high.2. There were seasonal variations apparently due to nutritional rather than physiological causes. The minimum values (33–37 i.u./g. butterfat) for total vitamin A were found in late summer (February) at the time when the pasture normally tends to dry up, while the peak values (42–53 i.u./g. butterfat) occurred in late winter and spring (July-October). The variations in vitamin A potency with season were in the opposite direction to the variations recorded in the literature for Europe and America. The difference is no doubt due to the practice of stall-feeding in these countries in contrast with the all-the-year-round grazing commonly practised on dairy farms in New Zealand. The spring flush of grass is also later in the season in Europe than in New Zealand.3. The more deeply-coloured Jersey butterfat was only slightly richer in total vitamin A potency than Friesian butterfat.4. Contents of carotene and vitamin A in the fat of colostrum were very high, but reached normal values within 4 or 5 days after parturition.

THE GROSS BODY COMPOSITION OF SIX GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF PEROMYSCUS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Laboratory Acclimation ◽  
Seasonal Extremes

The body composition in terms of fat, water, and protein has been determined for 115 deer mice (genus Peromyscus) of six racial stocks. The changes in composition that are characteristic of seasonal extremes and that accompany laboratory acclimation are presented. The composition of the fat-free body exhibits the constancy which has been found in other mammals. Body protein averaged 22.97% and body water 69.71% of the fat-free body weight. Body fat levels are shown to vary considerably among individuals and races. The highest fat levels occurred in the desert-adapted race (P. m. sonoriensis). The importance of considering body composition in comparative studies of metabolic rate is discussed.

The effects of added dietary lipid on the body composition of rams and wethers

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Factorial Trial ◽  
Lower Maximum ◽  
Free Body

SUMMARYA 2 × 3 factorial trial designed to investigate the effects of castration and three diets on growth and body composition of 30 male Dorset Horn × (Border Leicester × Merino) lambs is described. The three diets were: (a) a standard ration of equal weights of lucerne chaff and pelleted concentrates; (b) a similar ration to (a) plus 7·5% by weight of lipid (peanut oil and tallow); (c) a greater ration of (a) calculated to be isocaloric for digestible energy with diet (b).At the beginning of the trial a group of 40 lambs (20 rams, 20 wethers) were shorn and five rams and five wethers were selected at random and slaughtered to establish initial body composition. The remaining 30 lambs, 15 rams and 15 wethers aged about 22 weeks and having mean weights of 33·0 kg (rams) and 31·2 kg (wethers), were randomly divided within sex into three groups and allocated to the three diets for 92 days. At the end of this period the lambs were again shorn, and then slaughtered and dressed.During the trial, rams gained significantly (P < 0·001) more weight than wethers, and lambs on diet (a) gained significantly (P < 0·01) less weight than those on (b) and (c). Weight gains on the latter two diets were similar. Diet generally had little effect on body composition, although there was a tendency, within sexes, for lambs on diet (b) to have a greater fat content than those on the other diets. Rams had significantly greater carcass weights (P < 0·01), head percentage (P < 0·001) and various m. longissimus dorsi dimensions than wethers, but significantly less fat in all the locations measured, including a lower percentage of chemically extractible fat in the offals and carcasses. Estimations of the energy stored in the wool-free body during the trial indicated that wethers stored significantly more energy in the form of fat than rams (P < 0·001), but that rams stored significantly more non-fat energy than wethers (P < 0·001). It is concluded that a maximum growth rate exists for the non-fat body, and that it is higher in rams than wethers. Thus the addition of dietary lipid (which increases energy intake with comparatively small increases in weight or volume of feed), is more likely to promote fat deposition in wethers, which have a lower maximum capacity for non-fat storage, than in rams.

Changes in the body composition of Velvet Scoters (Melanitta fusca) wintering in the Gulf of Gdańsk

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Meissner ◽  
Izabela Fischer ◽  
Szymon Bzoma
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Gulf Of Gdańsk ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Gulf Of Gdansk ◽  
Melanitta Fusca

AbstractBody mass and body composition of 27 adult Velvet Scoters (Melanitta fusca) were studied. These birds were collected from January to March in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Poland. Body mass, fat, and protein contents of both males and females decreased significantly between mid and late winter, possibly because of a physiological process or a result of worsening environmental conditions. In mid-winter, the mean body mass of males and females did not differ significantly, whereas in late winter the difference in body mass between sexes became prominent. There was no difference in fat mass between the sexes, but females had higher lipid indexes despite their smaller size. The lack of expected fat mass increase in late winter may be due to the spring migration strategy of Velvet Scoters, which apparently opt to fly short distances rather than make long non-stop flights after departure from the Gulf of Gdańsk. Body mass was the best predictor of fat mass accumulated by Velvet Scoters wintering in the Gulf of Gdańsk.

BODY COMPOSITION OF THE MALE REFERENCE INFANT DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-870
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Fomon
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Caloric Requirement ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Total Body ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Free Material

DESCRIPTION of the changes with age in gross chemical composition of an "average" infant, referred to as the male reference infant, should aid considerably in developing a broader concept of normal growth in infancy. In addition, such a description may have important nutritional implications. For example, estimates of the average daily requirement for protein between two ages during infancy might be based, in part, on a knowledge of the gain in protein content of the body between these ages. Similarly, since much of the caloric requirement for growth may be accounted for by synthesis of lipid and protein, knowledge of the net gain in each of these components between two ages would permit a rough estimate of that portion of caloric intake needed for growth. While it is not yet possible to provide a precise description of changes in body composition of individual infants or even of an "average" infant, the general direction of the changes can be indicated. An attempt will be made to identify areas in which important data are lacking and to examine the assumptions on which the calculations are based. Data on total body water and several of the assumptions employed here are believed to be superior to those presented previously. METHOD OF APPROACH In the presentation that follows, the body is considered to consist of lipid and a lipid-free portion. This latter portion, spoken of as fat-free body mass, is considered to include water, protein, and a residual of dry, protein-free, lipid-free material referred to as "other."

scholarly journals Relationships between Body Composition Parameters and Phase Angle as Related to Lifestyle among Young People

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Jaremków ◽  
Iwona Markiewicz-Górka ◽  
Wojciech Hajdusianek ◽  
Paweł Gać
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Alcohol Water ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Medical University

The aim of the study was to indicate which body composition parameters and which lifestyle components affect the phase angle (PA) value in young adults. Two-hundred-and-eighty-one students at Wroclaw Medical University participated in the study. A survey on respondent lifestyles was followed by anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) calculation. The differences in the body composition of men and women corresponded to their sexual anatomy and physiology. Sex-dependent differences in lifestyle were also reported. The study revealed a relationship between PA and height, weight, BMR, BMI (body mass index), FFM (fat-free body mass), bone mass, water mass, muscle mass (r~0.4–0.7), ECW/ICW (extracellular water/intracellular water) and fat mass (r~−(0.4–0.6)) for the entire studied group. The relationship between PA values and lifestyle components concerned consumption of energy drinks, cola, alcohol, water, vegetables and fruits, meat, and also intervals between meals, time for physical exercises, and screen time (r~±0.2). The research shows that the PA value increases with an increase in positive body composition parameters. Following the principles of proper nutrition and physical activity increases PA values in most cases.

Body composition of the George River caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in fall and late winter

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huot
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Free Body ◽  
George River

The fall and late winter body composition of George River caribou was determined based on a sample of 14 calves, 9 yearlings, and 41 adult females. In fall, the fattest individuals were the adult nonlactating females with 10.62 ± 2.65% ingesta-free body fat. Ingesta-free body fat was 5.25 ± 2.47% for lactating females, 7.76 ± 0.11% for yearlings, and 3.44 ± 0.57% for calves. There was no evidence of depletion of fat reserves between fall (October–December) and mid-April in any age-class, and no change in body weights of calves. However, the ingesta-free body weights of pregnant females in April were 19.8 and 9.5% less than those of nonlactating and lactating females in fall, respectively. These differences were due mainly to a loss of water (9.8 and 7.3 kg) and protein (4.6 and 2.6 kg). This protein loss of the ingesta-free body was not compensated for by growth of the gravid uterus, which accounted for 3.5% (0.53 kg) of the total protein mass of pregnant females in mid-April. These results suggest that, between fall and late winter, the George River caribou were affected more by a deficiency in protein than a negative energy budget and that increased attention should be given to monitor protein reserves. However, in summer and early fall, these caribou accumulated only limited fat reserves as compared with other northern ungulates and the possibility of an energy deficiency during summer should be investigated.

The body composition and herbage utilization of grazing Merino and crossbred lambs during periods of growth and summer undernutrition

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
WG Allden
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Body Energy

A grazing study was undertaken (i) to determine the changes in body energy and body composition of Merino and Dorset Horn x Merino lambs during their first year of life with the object of assessing the nature of body tissue reserves during periods of summer undernutrition, and (ii) to examine the nutritional basis of growth differences between the two genotypes in terms of herbage intake and feed utilization for weight gain. The relations between body weight and (i) total body energy, (ii) body protein, (iii) body fat, and (iv) body water were of linear form and similar for both groups. Each 1 kg of wool-free body weight increment by the unfasted grazing animal was associated with the retention of 3.17 megacalories (mcal) of body energy, whereas on an empty body weight basis 1 kg gain was associated with the retention of 4.18 mcal. Empty body weight was no better a predictor of body energy than the unfasted wool-free body weight of the grazing sheep; by either method more than 97% of the variance in body energy could be accounted for by differences in body weight. Dorset Horn x Merino lambs were significantly heavier at birth (4 5 v. 3.5 kg). They grew more rapidly than the Merinos throughout the 300 day experiment although during the first 200 days relative growth rates were similar. The intake of digestible energy WE) of the two groups was estimated for 112 days from weaning at c. 7 weeks. During this period the crossbreds weighed 20-23 % more than the Merinos; they consumed 23 % more herbage at the beginning and 11 % more at the end (P < 0.01). The efficiency of energy retention was similar for both breeds, 42.5 % of metabolizable energy above the maintenance being stored as wool-free body energy. During the summer drought period the crossbreds used their feed more efficiently than the Merinos; they consumed up to 25 % less feed per kilogram weight and at the same time increased their weight advantage. Differences in body weight underestimated differences in body energy. Crossbreds weighed 30% more than the Merinos at the beginning of the summer drought period, and 36 % more at the end. Corresponding differences for body energy were 40 and 53 %. There was no evidence to suggest that prolonged periods of arrested growth influenced the composition of the body at a given weight.

CHANGES IN THE GROSS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MOUSE DURING GROWTH IN RELATION TO THE ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Bailey ◽  
W. D. Kitts ◽  
A. J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Water Ratio ◽  
Gross Chemical Composition

The body composition of 111 male white mice in terms of protein, water, fat and ash was determined. On the average, the protein, water and ash fractions appeared to exhibit differential growth with respect to the body weight and to the fat-free weight. The concentration of fat in the body was extremely variable and presumably reflected nutritive condition. The regularity of the average changes in the composition of the fat-free body appeared to be a fundamental property of the growth of mice, the percentage of water decreasing and of protein and ash increasing as growth proceeds. A new index of physiological age, the protein to water ratio, is suggested and evidence for its usefulness is presented.

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