The body composition and herbage utilization of grazing Merino and crossbred lambs during periods of growth and summer undernutrition

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
WG Allden
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Body Energy

A grazing study was undertaken (i) to determine the changes in body energy and body composition of Merino and Dorset Horn x Merino lambs during their first year of life with the object of assessing the nature of body tissue reserves during periods of summer undernutrition, and (ii) to examine the nutritional basis of growth differences between the two genotypes in terms of herbage intake and feed utilization for weight gain. The relations between body weight and (i) total body energy, (ii) body protein, (iii) body fat, and (iv) body water were of linear form and similar for both groups. Each 1 kg of wool-free body weight increment by the unfasted grazing animal was associated with the retention of 3.17 megacalories (mcal) of body energy, whereas on an empty body weight basis 1 kg gain was associated with the retention of 4.18 mcal. Empty body weight was no better a predictor of body energy than the unfasted wool-free body weight of the grazing sheep; by either method more than 97% of the variance in body energy could be accounted for by differences in body weight. Dorset Horn x Merino lambs were significantly heavier at birth (4 5 v. 3.5 kg). They grew more rapidly than the Merinos throughout the 300 day experiment although during the first 200 days relative growth rates were similar. The intake of digestible energy WE) of the two groups was estimated for 112 days from weaning at c. 7 weeks. During this period the crossbreds weighed 20-23 % more than the Merinos; they consumed 23 % more herbage at the beginning and 11 % more at the end (P < 0.01). The efficiency of energy retention was similar for both breeds, 42.5 % of metabolizable energy above the maintenance being stored as wool-free body energy. During the summer drought period the crossbreds used their feed more efficiently than the Merinos; they consumed up to 25 % less feed per kilogram weight and at the same time increased their weight advantage. Differences in body weight underestimated differences in body energy. Crossbreds weighed 30% more than the Merinos at the beginning of the summer drought period, and 36 % more at the end. Corresponding differences for body energy were 40 and 53 %. There was no evidence to suggest that prolonged periods of arrested growth influenced the composition of the body at a given weight.

THE GROSS BODY COMPOSITION OF SIX GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF PEROMYSCUS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Laboratory Acclimation ◽  
Seasonal Extremes

The body composition in terms of fat, water, and protein has been determined for 115 deer mice (genus Peromyscus) of six racial stocks. The changes in composition that are characteristic of seasonal extremes and that accompany laboratory acclimation are presented. The composition of the fat-free body exhibits the constancy which has been found in other mammals. Body protein averaged 22.97% and body water 69.71% of the fat-free body weight. Body fat levels are shown to vary considerably among individuals and races. The highest fat levels occurred in the desert-adapted race (P. m. sonoriensis). The importance of considering body composition in comparative studies of metabolic rate is discussed.

Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Drew ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYForty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.

BODY COMPOSITION STUDIES ON THE SUCKLING PIG: I. MOISTURE, CHEMICAL FAT, TOTAL PROTEIN, AND TOTAL ASH IN RELATION TO AGE AND BODY WEIGHT

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Wood ◽  
T. D. D. Groves
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Body Compartments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Age Range

The body composition of 37 piglets from four litters has been determined over the age range from birth to 65 days. Regression lines relating total body water to total body protein and to total body ash have been computed. The data suggest that a marked change in the relative rate of accretion of the major body compartments occurs at an age of approximately 18 days corresponding to a body weight of 5 to 6 kg. This change appears to be associated with a slowing of the absolute growth rate at this time, which presumably arises because the sow can no longer provide for the total requirements of her litter.

Comparative energy and protein utilization in kids and lambs

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Alam ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Free Body

SUMMARYTwenty-eight male castrate kids and 28 male castrate lambs were assigned to a comparative slaughter experiment to compare energy and protein utilization. The experiment was conducted from January to March at Lincoln, New Zealand. Ten animals of each species comprised the initial slaughter group while the remaining 18 animals were randomly allocated to five feeding regimes. Animals were offered high-quality meadow hay for 13 weeks and then slaughtered. The energy retained in the body was regressed against metabolizable energy intake (MEI) to obtain estimates of maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and efficiency of energy utilization for growth (kg).Kids tended to have a higher MEm (0·44 v. 0·37 MJ ME/kg W0·75 per day in kids and lambs, respectively) and a higher kg (0·28v. 0·22) though these differences were not significant. There was no difference between the species in the composition of gain of the fleece or hair-free body with a protein energy to gross energy ratio in the gain of 0·20. The fleece or hair-free body composition was similar for both species (initial 0·51v. 0·48; final 0·36 v. 0·32; protein energy:gross energy, kids and lambs, respectively). Overall, the values for kg in both species were low and could not be explained solely by the composition of the gain.The efficiency of use of apparently absorbed amino acid (AA) for fleece or hair-free body protein deposition was higher for kids (0·52 v. 0·29) and, when the fleece or hair was included, the value increased markedly for lambs (0·50 v. 0·41, kids v. lambs, respectively). The protein energy apparently absorbed in the small intestine/MEI was not high or different between species (mean 0·18). The efficiency values for both species are low and not explained by the supply of protein relative to energy, which was not high.It was concluded that, with high-quality forage used to promote live weight gain, there was little difference between kids and lambs in the utilization of forage energy, and that the efficiency of utilization of absorbed protein for protein deposition was lower than expected in both species.

CHANGES IN THE GROSS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MOUSE DURING GROWTH IN RELATION TO THE ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Bailey ◽  
W. D. Kitts ◽  
A. J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Water Ratio ◽  
Gross Chemical Composition

The body composition of 111 male white mice in terms of protein, water, fat and ash was determined. On the average, the protein, water and ash fractions appeared to exhibit differential growth with respect to the body weight and to the fat-free weight. The concentration of fat in the body was extremely variable and presumably reflected nutritive condition. The regularity of the average changes in the composition of the fat-free body appeared to be a fundamental property of the growth of mice, the percentage of water decreasing and of protein and ash increasing as growth proceeds. A new index of physiological age, the protein to water ratio, is suggested and evidence for its usefulness is presented.

Energy and protein utilization and partition in rabbit does concurrently pregnant and lactating

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Parigi-Bini ◽  
G. Xiccato ◽  
M. Cinetto ◽  
A. Dalle Zotte
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Considerable Loss

AbstractChanges in body composition during lactation in 40 primiparous rabbits were studied by comparative slaughter. The results were used to determine the utilization of digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) and their partitioning between maternal body, milk and foetal tissues.Twelve does were slaughtered immediately after their first parturition (first slaughter group) to estimate initial body composition. The 28 remaining does were remated 1 to 3 days after parturition and divided into two groups offered a pelleted diet at different levels: group L, fed ad libitum and group R, fed 0·75 of ad libitum. The 19 does that were pregnant (10 of L group, 9 of R group) were kept in individual metabolism cages until their second parturition. They were then slaughtered with their litters.Milk yield was higher (147·0 v. 117·2 g/day, P < 0·02) and live-weight loss was lower (–42 v. –294 g) in group L than in group R. The food intakes were 304·7 and 234·4 g/day, respectively. Body composition of the does changed substantially between the first and second parturition, with a considerable loss of fat and some loss of protein. A large decrease in empty body (digesta-free body) weight was observed in both groups. The loss of energy corresponded to proportionately 0·32 and 0·41 of the initial body energy, in L and R groups respectively.The DE requirement for maintenance was estimated to be 468 kj/day per kg M0·75 and the efficiencies of utilization of DE and body energy for milk production were 0·63 and 0·76, respectively. The efficiency of utilization of DE for foetal tissue synthesis was estimated to be 0·27 throughout pregnancy. The DP requirement for maintenance was 3·80 g/day per kg M0·75 and the efficiency of utilization of DP for milk protein production was 0·76 and of body protein 0·61. The efficiency of utilization of DP for foetal protein synthesis was 0·46.

scholarly journals Body composition of goat kids during sucking. Voluntary feed intake

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sanz Sampelayo ◽  
I. Ruiz ◽  
F. Gil ◽  
J. Boza
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Goat's Milk

The body composition of thirty-eight Granadina goat kids was measured. Six animals were slaughtered at birth while the remainder were kept individually at an environmental temperature of 24±2° and a relative humidity of 60±5%. They were given goat's milk or a milk-substitute at two planes of nutrition until 15 or 30 d of age and then slaughtered. The goat's milk and milk-substitute contained 260.4 and 222.0 g digestible protein/kg and 23.23 and 20.85 MJ metabolizable energy/kg respectively. Voluntary feed intake as metabolizable energy was a function of metabolic body-weight (kg W0.75), equivalent to 2.42 and 2.44 times the energy requirement for maintenance for goat's milk- and milk-substitute-fed animals respectively. There was a high degree of correlation between the empty-body concentration of dry matter, fat and energy and empty-body-weight (P < 0.001) or animal age (P < 0.001), and between body-weight and animal age (P < 0.001). The relationships between empty-body composition and empty-body-weight were independent of type of milk or plane of nutrition. In contrast relationships between empty-body composition or empty-body-weight and animal age were affected by the type of milk and, over all, by the plane of nutrition. All these results show that in these animals any body-weight will have a similar composition, but it will be reached earlier or later depending on dietary regimen and always with the limitation of voluntary intake.

Body Composition Modifications Due to the “Search, Rescue and Survival Training” in Male Military Firefighter Cadets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Ramos de Barros ◽  
Verônica Pinto Salerno ◽  
Thalita Ponce ◽  
Míriam Raquel Meira Mainenti
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction To train and prepare cadets for a career as firefighters in Rio de Janeiro, the second-year students of the Officers Training Course are submitted to a Search, Rescue, and Survival Training (SRST) course, which is characterized by long periods of high physical exertion and sleep restriction during a 9-day instruction module, and food restriction during a 7-day survival module. The present study investigated changes in the body composition of 39 male cadets submitted to SRST during training and 4 weeks of recovery with no restrictions in food consumption. Materials and Methods Each cadet was evaluated by anthropometric measurements at six time points: pre-SRST; after the first module; after the second module; and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of recovery. Measurements included body girths and skinfolds, to estimate trunk (chest and waist) and limbs (arm and thigh) dimensions, as well as body composition. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman test were applied (depending on each data distribution). Results Statistically significant decreases in body weight (76.2; 69.8-87.2 to 63.9; 58.9-73.5 kg) and fat free mass (FFM, 69.2; 63.7-77.2 to 60.1; 56.2-68.0 kg) were observed following the second module of SRST. Following a single week of recovery, the FFM returned to pre-SRST values. Body weight returned to pre-training levels in 2 weeks. Body fat percentage and mass also significantly decreased during SRST (9.0; 7.7-12.3 to 6.5; 5.1-9.3% and 6.9; 5.6-10.0 to 6.9; 5.6-10.0 kg, respectively), which showed a slower and more gradual recovery that reached pre-SRST values after 4 weeks. The girths of arm, thigh, chest and waist significantly decreased due to SRST. The girths of the limbs (arm and thigh) returned to pre-training values after one month of recovery, while the girths of the trunk (chest and waist) did not return to pre-SRST values during the study period. Conclusions The findings suggest that men who experience periods of high energy demands and sleep restriction followed by a period of food restriction will endure unavoidable physical consequences that can be mostly reversed by a 1-month recovery.

scholarly journals Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Diet Quality Profile of the Lithuanian Team of Deaf Women’s Basketball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6749
Author(s):  
Marius Baranauskas ◽  
Valerija Jablonskienė ◽  
Jonas Algis Abaravičius ◽  
Rimantas Stukas
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Working Capacity ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Women's Basketball ◽  
Basketball Team

There are about 466 million people with hearing impairments in the world. The scientific literature does not provide sufficient data on the actual nutrition and other variables of professional deaf athletes. The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the body composition, the physical working capacity, the nutrition intake, and the blood parameters of iron and vitamin D in the Lithuanian high-performance deaf women’s basketball team players. The female athletes (n = 14) of the Lithuanian deaf basketball team aged 26.4 ± 4.5 years were recruited for an observational cross-sectional study. A 7-day food recall survey method was used to investigate their actual diet. The measurements of the body composition were performed using the BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) tetra-polar electrodes. In order to assess the cardiorespiratory and aerobic fitness levels of athletes, ergo-spirometry (on a cycle ergometer) was used to measure the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC170). The athletes’ blood tests were taken to investigate the red blood cells, hemoglobin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, transferrin, iron concentrations, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). The consideration of the VO2peak (55.9 ± 6.1 mL/min/kg of body weight, 95% CI: 51.8, 58.9) and the low VO2peak (56–60 mL/min/kg of body weight) (p = 0.966) in the deaf women’s basketball team players revealed no differences. For the deaf female athletes, the PWC170 was equal to 20.3 ± 2.0 kgm/min/kg of body weight and represented only the average aerobic fitness level. The carbohydrate and protein intakes (5.0 ± 1.3 and 1.3 ± 0.3 g/kg of body weight, respectively) met only the minimum levels recommended for athletes. The fat content of the diet (38.1 ± 4.1% of energy intake) exceeded the maximum recommended content (35% of energy intake) (p = 0.012). The mean blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and ferritin (24.1 ± 6.6 nmol/L and 11.0 ± 4.1 µg/L, respectively) predicted vitamin D and iron deficits in athletes. Female athletes had an increased risk of vitamin D and iron deficiencies. Regardless of iron deficiency in the body, the better cardiorespiratory fitness of the deaf female athletes was essentially correlated with the higher skeletal muscle mass (in terms of size) (r = 0.61, p = 0.023), the lower percentage of body fat mass (r = −0.53, p = 0.049), and the reduced intake of fat (r = −0.57, p = 0.040).

scholarly journals Composition of the human foetus

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad V. Apte ◽  
Leela Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

1. The body composition was determined of forty-one fetuses of different gestational ages born to mothers belonging to a low socio-economic group of the population.2. With increasing gestational age the water content fell from 88% at 28 weeks to 76% at term; the fat content increased from 2.1% to 11.2% and the protein content increased from 6.9 to 9.3%.3. The changes in body composition were more closely related to body-weight than to gestational age.4. The calcium, Phosphorus and magnesium contents of the body per unit fat-free weight progressively increased with gestational age, and at term the values appeared to be considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The Ca:P ratio was constant at different body-weights.5. The body iron content per unit of fat-free weight increased marginally with increasing gestational age. The value was almost 30% lower than the values reported from elsewhere.6. It is suggested that chemical composition and nutrient stores of the developing foetus can be considerably influenced by the state of maternal nutrition.

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