Maternal influences on size and emergence time of the cinnabar moth

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1452-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Richards ◽  
Judith H. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Maternal Influences ◽  
Cinnabar Moth

Maternal effects on egg weight, wing length, and emergence time were studied in the cinnabar moth. Egg weight was related to hatching success, but neither egg weight nor order of laying were related to pupal weight of larvae reared under greenhouse conditions. Heritabilities of wing length and emergence time calculated from the regression of mean offspring values on female parent were 0.30 ± 0.12 and 0.39 ± 0.14 respectively for female offspring. Regressions for male offspring were not significant. Significant differences between families in an ANOVA however were indicative of genetic variance. Genetic variance for female emergence time is discussed as one mechanism which has enabled synchronization of moth emergence with the appropriate phase of food plant phenology for larval development.

The reproductive success of tree swallows nesting near experimentally acidified lakes in northwestern Ontario

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1090-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent L. St. Louis ◽  
Jon C. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Tree Swallows ◽  
Potentially Toxic Metals ◽  
Growth Functions ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Acidified Lakes ◽  
Reference Lakes

We examined a number of reproductive parameters of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding near experimentally acidified lakes in northwestern Ontario. We found that near acidified lakes, eggs were smaller in certain dimensions, hatching success was lower (and by definition fewer nestlings fledged per nest box), certain nestling body characters were smaller 4 days posthatch, nestling wing length was shorter near time of fledging, and growth functions were different from those near unmanipulated reference lakes. These results are consistent with earlier findings that calcium-rich food items needed for egg production by laying females and growth of nestlings are more scarce at acidified lakes than at nonacidic reference lakes, and that potentially toxic metals accumulate to higher concentrations both in the chironomids that swallows consume and in nestling swallows at acidified lakes. Our results clearly show that even nonaquatic organisms are affected by acidification of freshwater ecosystems.

scholarly journals Biological attributes of diapausing and non-diapausing Doryctobracon areolatus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera, Tephritidae) fruit flies

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 41-56
Author(s):  
Jassmin Cruz-Bustos ◽  
Pablo Montoya ◽  
Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud ◽  
Javier Valle-Mora ◽  
Pablo Liedo
Keyword(s):  
Female Offspring ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Anastrepha Ludens ◽  
Starvation Resistance ◽  
Flight Ability ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Biological Attributes

Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), a solitary endoparasitoid native to the Neotropics, attacks eggs and early instar larvae of Anastrepha fruit flies, and can enter diapause under tropical and subtropical conditions. We aimed to test if biological attributes, such as size, flight ability, starvation resistance, longevity and fecundity of diapausing individuals differ from those of non-diapausing ones. Parasitoids were obtained from a laboratory colony reared on Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae. Parasitized host puparia were sorted in two cohorts according to their diapause condition. Developmental time from egg to adult ranged from 18 to 31 days in non-diapausing parasitoids, and 70 to 278 days for diapausing individuals. Pupal weight and adult measurements were higher in non-diapausing than in diapausing parasitoids. There were no differences in adult longevity, starvation resistance, and emergence between diapausing and non-diapausing wasps. Flight ability and fecundity rates were greater in the non-diapausing than in the diapause cohort. The proportion of female offspring was greater in the non-diapausing cohort (42.5%), whereas in the diapausing cohort the male offspring proportion was greater (62.4%). Both cohorts produced diapause offspring, but the non-diapausing cohort produced more (26.6%) than the diapausing one (9.1%). Maternal age had a significant effect on the proportion of diapause offspring: in 26 to 34 days old non-diapausing females, 78.9% of their offspring entered into diapause. These results confirmed that diapause affects the biological attributes of D. areolatus. The observed differences contribute to better understand the diapause influence on the colonization and rearing process of this species and its use as biocontrol agent.

scholarly journals SELECTION FOR MATING RELUCTANCE IN FEMALES OF A DIPLOID PARTHENOGENETIC STRAIN OF DROSOPHILA MERCATORUM

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-555
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ikeda ◽  
Hampton L Carson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Drosophila Mercatorum ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Selection For

ABSTRACT A diploid parthenogenetic strain of Drosophila mercatorum was outcrossed to produce genetic variance among the impaternate female offspring. Selection experiments were carried out for reluctance of the parthenogenetic females to mate. After only two cycles of selection, a parthenogenetic strain which is significantly less receptive to males from three different bisexual strains was obtained. It was also found that there is some degree of sexual isolation among the three bisexual strains used. The results support the idea that selection can render a newly produced diploid parthenogenetic strain behaviorally different from its bisexual ancestor. This appears to provide a framework which can explain the natural coexistence of diploid bisexual and diploid parthenogenetic biotypes in some species of insects.

Host Plants, Temperature and Seasonal Effects on Immature Development and Adult Size of Euploea-Core-Corinna (Lepidoptera, Danainae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Scheermeyer ◽  
RL Kitching ◽  
RE Jones
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Cryptostegia Grandiflora ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
The Right

The suitability of four commonly used host plants of Euploea core, i.e. Cryptostegia grandiflora, Hoya australis, Nerium oleander and Parsonsia straminea, was measured in terms of developmental rates, pupal weight and adult wing length. The experimental temperature and seasonal quality of fresh shoots of the host plant affected all these variables. The results of development rates were inconsistent across host plants at different temperatures, but pupal weight and wing length of the butterfly were consistent. Despite great differences in the weight of pupae, pupal developmental rates appeared mainly affected by temperature. Fresh foliage produced in early spring gave significantly better growth of larvae than fresh foliage produced in late spring or autumn. Larvae coped with poor food quality in two distinct ways. One group moulted at approximately the right time, but at an unusually small size, the other group delayed moulting until it reached an appropriate size for moult. Losses were heavy in both groups. Overall, host plants in the Apocynaceae were more suitable for growth than those in the Asclepiadaceae, but whether the host plants were introduced or native, or whether they contained copious quantities of latex or not, did not seem to have a significant effect. The successful use of host plants in the Asclepiadaceae, like the C. grandiflora and ornamental H. australis, is therefore probably related to other factors, such as the frequency with which they produce fresh foliage and their common presence, overriding any minor differences in suitability. Key words: Euploea, developmental rates, host plants, seasonal effects.

scholarly journals IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, INCUBATION PROTOCOLS, AND EGG CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GANGES SOFTSHELL TURTLE (ASPIDERETES GANGETICUS)

2006 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Embryonic Diapause ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
Softshell Turtle ◽  
The Ganges

Reproductive biology of Aspideretes gangeticus was studied between 1986 and 2001. Clutchsize averaged 17.9 eggs and ranged between six to thirty-fi ve eggs. Egg length averaged 30.6 mm,egg width averaged 30.22 mm, and egg weight averaged 16.85 g. Clutch volume averaged 253.75ml. No signifi cant difference was observed in clutch size between dry and wet seasons. Of the variousincubation protocols tested, one that involved transitional temperatures of 28º – 31º C, to chilling at15º – 18º C, and then 23º – 26º C resulted in the highest hatching success. Aspideretes gangeticusexhibit two forms of development arrest during incubation, embryonic diapause early in incubation andembryonic aestivation in the latter trimester of incubation. The two Aspideretes gangeticus femalesthat produced clutches for the current study produced eggs with a high fertility percentage throughoutthe fi fteen years for which they stored sperm.

scholarly journals Maternal corticosterone exposure has transgenerational effects on grand-offspring

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 20160627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Khan ◽  
Richard A. Peters ◽  
Emily Richardson ◽  
Kylie A. Robert
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
First Record ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Offspring Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Ratio Bias ◽  
Offspring Sex ◽  
Unstable Environment

The hormone fluctuations that an animal experiences during ovulation can have lifelong effects on developing offspring. These hormones may act as an adaptive mechanism, allowing offspring to be ‘pre-programmed’ to survive in an unstable environment. Here, we used a transgenerational approach to examine the effects of elevated maternal corticosterone (CORT) on the future reproductive success of female offspring. We show that female zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) exposed to embryonic CORT produce daughters that have equal reproductive success (clutch sizes, fertility, hatching success) compared with the daughters produced from untreated mothers, but their offspring had accelerated post-hatching growth rates and were significantly heavier by nutritional independence. Although there was no significant effect on primary offspring sex ratio, females from CORT-treated mothers produced significantly female-biased clutches by nutritional independence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of a transgenerational sex ratio bias in response to elevated maternal CORT in any avian species.

scholarly journals Cross-Generational Effects of Heat Stress on Fitness and Wolbachia Density in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Jia-Hui Foo ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Perran A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Starvation Tolerance ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
Wolbachia Density

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia symbionts are now being released into the field to control the spread of pathogenic human arboviruses. Wolbachia can spread throughout vector populations by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility and can reduce disease transmission by interfering with virus replication. The success of this strategy depends on the effects of Wolbachia on mosquito fitness and the stability of Wolbachia infections across generations. Wolbachia infections are vulnerable to heat stress, and sustained periods of hot weather in the field may influence their utility as disease control agents, particularly if temperature effects persist across generations. To investigate the cross-generational effects of heat stress on Wolbachia density and mosquito fitness, we subjected Ae. aegypti with two different Wolbachia infection types (wMel, wAlbB) and uninfected controls to cyclical heat stress during larval development over two generations. We then tested adult starvation tolerance and wing length as measures of fitness and measured the density of wMel in adults. Both heat stress and Wolbachia infection reduced adult starvation tolerance. wMel Wolbachia density in female offspring was lower when mothers experienced heat stress, but male Wolbachia density did not depend on the rearing temperature of the previous generation. We also found cross-generational effects of heat stress on female starvation tolerance, but there was no cross-generational effect on wing length. Fitness costs of Wolbachia infections and cross-generational effects of heat stress on Wolbachia density may reduce the ability of Wolbachia to invade populations and control arbovirus transmission under specific environmental conditions.

Effect of Parental Photoperiod on Body Size and Developmental Time of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Buenos Aires City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Loetti ◽  
María Sol De Majo ◽  
Raúl E Campos ◽  
Cristian M Di Battista ◽  
Sylvia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Rearing Temperature ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Buenos Aires City

Abstract Many insects use photoperiod as a signal to anticipate upcoming unfavorable conditions. Photoperiod sensitivity may be a relevant factor in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) populations at the cool margins of the species’ range, where winter conditions have a strong effect on population dynamics. In this study, we evaluated the effect of parental photoperiod on preimaginal survival and developmental time, and on wing length for the first generation of Ae. aegypti from a temperate region (Buenos Aires City, Argentina). Our experiment started with eggs from parents exposed to short-day (SD; 10:14 [L:D]) or long-day (LD; 14:10 [L:D]) photoperiods during their entire life span. Eggs were stored under the same photoperiod (SD or LD) as their parents for 91 d, until immersion. After hatching, larvae were reared until adult emergence in thermal baths at one of two constant temperatures (17 or 23°C), at a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h and fed ad libitum. Survival from larva I to adult emergence was not affected either by parental photoperiod or rearing temperature. At a rearing temperature of 23°C, female offspring from the SD parental photoperiod developed faster and had shorter wings compared with those from the LD parental photoperiod. No effect of parental photoperiod was observed on female offspring reared at 17°C. In male offspring, parental photoperiod had no effect on developmental time and wing length, independently of the rearing temperature. Results indicate that the parental photoperiod may affect some offspring traits. This effect may be a characteristic of Ae. aegypti populations in temperate regions to deal with the winter conditions.

A CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF X-RAY INDUCED GENETIC VARIANCE OF WING LENGTH IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-606
Author(s):  
J. F. Kidwell ◽  
M. L. Tracey ◽  
P. Glaser ◽  
M. M. Kidwell
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Chromosomal Analysis ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Additive Variance ◽  
X Ray

A chromosomal analysis of genetic variation in wing length of Drosophila melanogaster was done using an isogenic line and a single derived irradiated line which differed significantly in wing length. Partitioning of the variance indicates no difference between X-ray induced genetic variance and that from other sources. Furthermore, the amount of additive variance is strongly dependent on chromosome frequency, and sex differences are present in all components.

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