Reproduction and nutrient reserves of arctic ground squirrels

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Kiell ◽  
John S. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Arctic Ground Squirrels ◽  
Nutrient Reserves ◽  
Stored Reserves

Body composition, caloric value, and size of selected organs of arctic ground squirrels (Spermorphilus parryii) were examined seasonally and in relation to reproductive status in order to determine if females obtain nutrients for offspring from stored reserves prior to the availability of new vegetation. Seasonal changes in body composition were similar in males and females. Females showed a depletion of skeletal components, total fat, and caloric value during lactation. The mean reduction in caloric value between pregnancy and lactation (495 kcal; 1 cal = 4.1868 J) accounted for only 31% of the estimated 1600 kcal contributed to offspring by a female. Females must support offspring through an increased ingestion of food prior to the availability of new vegetation.

scholarly journals AB0267 BODY COMPOSITION IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1432.2-1432
Author(s):  
N. Toroptsova ◽  
O. Dobrovolskaya ◽  
N. Demin ◽  
L. Shornikova
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
T Score ◽  
Osteosarcopenic Obesity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Appendicular Muscle Mass

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex inflammatory disease that modifies body composition. Using the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in RA patients could be a method for body composition changes detection.Objectives:To study the body composition using DXA in patients with RA.Methods:The study involved 79 women with RA, median age 60 [55; 65] years. The bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry using «Discovery A» (Hologic, USA). Assessment of body composition was carried out, using the program «Whole body». Sarcopenia (SP) was diagnosed as a decrease in appendicular mass index (AMI) <6.0 kg/m2. Osteoporosis (OP) was diagnosed as a decrease in T-score <-2.5 SD. Osteosarcopenia was determined when T-score was <-1.0 SD, AMI was <6.0 kg/m2, osteosarcopenic obesity - T-score was <-1.0 SD, AMI was <6.0 kg/m2and total fat was >35%.Results:The mean duration of RA was 9 [3; 11] years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.6±4.8 kg/m2. Disease activity score in 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 4.5±1.3 points for the group. 39 (49.3%) patients used oral glucocorticoids continuously. Appendicular muscle mass and AMI were on average 17.8±3.0 kg and 6.8±1.0 kg/m2, respectively. AMI <6 kg/m2was detected in 20 (25.3%) patients. 56 (70.9%) women with RA had total fat > 35%, while only 22 (27.8%) of women with RA had obesity according to BMI (BMI >30 kg/m2). Isolated OP was found in 13 (16.5%), osteosarcopenia in 7 (8.9%) and osteosarcopenic obesity in 13 (16.5%) patients RA. No cases with isolated sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity were detected. Only 3 (3.8%) patients did not have appendicular muscle mass, AMI and BMD decrease and overfat or obesity.Conclusion:About 97% women with RA had abnormal body composition phenotype: 16,5% - OP, 8.9% -osteosarcopenia, 16,5% - osteosarcopenic obesity and 54,4% - overfat.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Temporal Dynamics of the Cecal Gut Microbiota of Juvenile Arctic Ground Squirrels: a Strong Litter Effect across the First Active Season

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 4260-4268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Stevenson ◽  
C. Loren Buck ◽  
Khrystyne N. Duddleston
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Active Season ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Arctic Ground Squirrels ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

ABSTRACTArctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii) are active for a scant 3 to 5 months of the year. During the active season, adult squirrels compete for mates, reproduce, and fatten in preparation for hibernation, while juvenile squirrels, weaned in early July, must grow and acquire sufficient fat to survive their first hibernation season. During hibernation, the gut microbial community is altered in diversity, abundance, and activity. To date, no studies have examined the gut microbiota of hibernators across the truncated active season. We characterized trends in diversity (454 pyrosequencing), density (flow cytometry), viability (flow cytometry), and metabolism (short-chain fatty acid analysis) of the gut microbial community of juvenile arctic ground squirrels across their first active season at weaning and at 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks postweaning. At 8 weeks postweaning, the mean bacterial density was significantly higher than that at weaning, and the mean percentage of live bacteria was significantly higher than that at either weaning or 4 weeks postweaning. No significant differences in microbial diversity, total short-chain fatty acid concentrations, or molar proportions of individual short-chain fatty acids were observed among sample periods. The level of variability in gut microbial diversity among squirrels was high across the active season but was most similar among littermates, except at weaning, indicating strong maternal or genetic influences across development. Our results indicate that genetic or maternal influences exert profound effects on the gut microbial community of juvenile arctic ground squirrels. We did not find a correlation between host adiposity and gut microbial diversity during prehibernation fattening, likely due to a high level of variability among squirrels.

Reproduction and nutrient reserves of bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3088-3092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham J. Hickling ◽  
John S. Millar ◽  
Richard A. Moses
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritional Support ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Neotoma Cinerea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Endogenous Reserves ◽  
Nutrient Reserves

Body composition and energy content of female bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) were examined in relation to reproductive status. We assessed the extent to which nutrients for offspring were obtained from endogenous reserves, and whether use of these reserves might influence the timing of spring breeding. Among breeding females, fat levels were highest during pregnancy, and were depleted during lactation. The mean reduction in energy content from pregnancy through lactation (266 kJ) accounted for 21% of the estimated 1260 kJ contributed by a female to her offspring in this period. Females potentially gained 3.0 days of nutritional support from their endogenous reserves during winter, but this fell to 2.0 days during summer and was only 0.8 days during lactation. Thus, females support the nutritional demands of lactation primarily by increasing their ingestion of food. Nevertheless, large endogenous reserves may enable some females to begin breeding early in the spring, when the abundance of food is unpredictable.

scholarly journals Changes in Adiposity and Dietary Intake during Nowruz Holiday in University Students

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Gholampour ◽  
Ahmadreza Zarifian ◽  
Samaneh Ansari ◽  
Aminreza Amini ◽  
Abdolreza Norouzy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Total Fat

Aims: This study aimed to assess possible alterations in adiposity and dietary intake during holiday periods in healthy subjects. Study Design: 452 students of medicine faculty of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were participated in this study and announced via internet and campus announcement in Feb 2014. Methodology: Anthropometric parameters and body composition were measured using standard protocols. Individual nutritional intakes were assessed using the Dietplan6 software. SPSS software version 11.5 was used for statistical analysis.  Results: Of the 452 students who attended the pre-holiday visit, 433 returned for the post-holiday appointments. Of these participants, 82 (18.1%) were men. The mean age was 24.4 years for men and 23.8 years for women (p=0.171). All the adiposity and body composition variables significantly changed over the follow-up except for fat free mass (p=0.074) and truck fat free mass (p=0.935). Mean weight of participants increased from 63.5 kg to 63.9 kg at the end of holiday (absolute change 0.37 kg, p<0.001). Total energy intake increased by 16.4%, carbohydrate by 15.9% and total fat by 25.4%, and significant association were observed between changes in some dietary variables and change in adiposity during follow-up (15 days). Conclusion: In conclusion, holidays like Nowruz play a significant role in periodical weight gain and obesity in the college students of Mashhad University. Moreover we have found that dietary intake of carbohydrate and total fat increased through Nowruz holiday.  Understanding times when people are more likely to gain weight including holidays is important for the development of prevention strategies.

Behaviour and use of space by juvenile Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1121-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M. Waterman
Keyword(s):  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Male Dispersal ◽  
Spermophilus Columbianus ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Columbian Ground Squirrels ◽  
Behavioural Ontogeny

The behavioural ontogeny of the Columbia ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) was examined using livetrapped and marked individuals in a population in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Observations using scan and all-occurrence sampling recorded the activities and locations of individuals. Differences between sexes in the movement of juvenile squirrels were apparent after the first 10 days from emergence from the natal burrow. Males travelled further from the natal burrow, had larger home ranges, and shifted their activity centres more than did females. Females remained nearest their sisters and rates of play between sisters were the highest of all interacting pairs. Although there was no difference in the mean distance from the mother for males and females, females greeted their mothers three times more frequently than did brothers. The consequences of such different social and spatial experiences are discussed in light of female site fidelity and male dispersal.

Body composition of the Kangaroo (Macropus Sp)

1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Tribe ◽  
L Peel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Edible Protein

Results are reported of the dissections of nine red kangaroos (M. rufus) and four grey kangaroos (M. major). Weights of dissected carcass muscle, bone, and fat, of the viscera, and of the parotid and submaxillary glands were all significantly correlated with empty liveweight. The mean percentage of carcass muscle in the liveweight was 51.7%. The kangaroos had more muscle, and less total fat than have domestic livestock of similar liveweights. The parotid and submaxillary glands were similar histologically to those of the calf and the sheep, but the parotid glands of the kangaroo were about twice the weight of those of the calf or sheep. The weight of the submaxillary gland was half the weight of the parotid gland in the kangaroo, and of similar size to that of the sheep or the calf. In view of its body composition it is suggested that the value of the kangaroo as a producer of edible protein in areas marginal for the production of domestic livestock is worthy of investigation.

Mantle Of The Expert Strategy Effectiveness In The Development Of Creative Thinking

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Arman
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Girls School ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

<p>This study aimed at investigating the Effectiveness of Mantle of the Expert in creative thinking Skills among the 7<sup>th</sup> Graders. The study conducted on a sample of 7<sup>th</sup> Graders at Kober Secondary Boys School and Upper Kober Elementary Girls School. The study sample consisted of (100) students split into two groups (experimental and control). The researcher adopting the Torrance test for creative thinking the verbal image "A" by examining the tests used in the Ristow study (1988), Edwards and Baldov (1987) study, and designing a teacher book for the (engineering and measurement) unit according to the integration between the strategies of the mantle of the expert and role playing.</p> <p>This study adopted quasi-experimental design. It included two groups (experimental and controlled) in two branches (males and females) for each group. The controlled group was taught by using the traditional method whereas the experimental group by the mantle of the expert. The data analyzed using (ANCOVA) test to measure the differences in the development of creative thinking between the control and experimental groups.</p> <p>The Conclusions showed that there are statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the creative thinking test due to the way, gender and interaction between them.</p> <p>Based on the Conclusions of the study, the researcher recommends the need to use the mantles of the expert in the teaching of mathematics.</p>

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