The partitioning of oxygen uptake from air and from water by erythrinids

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Don Stevens ◽  
George F. Holeton
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

Oxygen uptake from air and from water was measured during routine activity at 29 °C in two facultative air-breathing teleosts, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Erythrinus erythrinus. These fish breathe air in hypoxic water, taking a breath every 1 to 2 min. Gill ventilation increases in hypoxic water if air breathing is prevented, but decreases if air breathing is permitted. Average oxygen uptake from water is 105 mg∙h−1∙kg−1 and 69 mg∙h−1 kg−1 from air for Hyplerythrinus; 65 mg∙h−1∙kg−1 from water and 51 mg∙h−1∙kg−1 from air for Erythrinus. In normoxic water Hoplerythrinus obtain from 0 to 56% of oxygen uptake (mean 31%) from air. Two Hoplerythrinus survived in air for 24 h and did not have an elevated oxygen uptake when put back into water.

Selective control of branchial arch perfusion in an air-breathing Amazonian fish Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Smith ◽  
B. J. Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Oxygen Loss ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Major Branch ◽  
Β Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

Vascular responses to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists were investigated in the air-breathing teleost Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus during in situ saline perfusion of the ventral aorta.The vasculature resembled that of other teleosts in having inhibitory β-adrenergic receptors and excitatory muscarinic receptors, probably located in the gills. The gas bladder vessels were apparently devoid of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors.The dorsal aorta was specialized between gill arches 2 and 3 in such a way that the dorsal aorta probably received most of its blood supply from arches 1 and 2. Arches 3 and 4 supplied the large coeliac artery whose major branch was to the gas bladder. Acetylcholine reduced the number of perfused gill arches so that most of the ventral aortic flow was directed towards the gas bladder through arches 3 and 4. This was seen as a possible solution to the problem of transbranchial oxygen loss that could arise if blood oxygenated at the gas bladder was exposed to hypoxic water at the gills.

The partitioning of oxygen uptake from air and from water by the large obligate air-breathing teleost pirarucu (Arapaima gigas)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 974-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Don Stevens ◽  
George F. Holeton
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Anoxic Water ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Hypoxic Water

Pirarucu, weighing 2 to 3 kg, ventilated their gills 16 to 24 times per minute and ventilated their lungs every 1 to 2 min. Average oxygen uptake from water was 23 mg∙h−1∙kg−1; average oxygen uptake from air was 80 mg∙h−1∙kg−1. That is, in normoxic water they obtain about 75% of their oxygen from air, and never less than 50% from air. In hypoxic water the fraction from air increases, ultimately to 100% in anoxic water.

Chemoreflexive responses to hypoxia and NaCN in longnose gar: evidence for two chemoreceptor loci

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (1) ◽  
pp. R116-R125 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Smatresk ◽  
M. L. Burleson ◽  
S. Q. Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Pressure Amplitude ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Hypoxic Water

Interactions between internal and external O2 stimulus levels were assessed by measuring the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to varying water (PWO2) and air bladder (PabO2) O2 levels and intravascular NaCN in anesthetized spontaneously ventilating Lepisosteus osseus. As PWO2 fell, air-breathing frequency (fab) increased. Buccal pressure amplitude (Pb) also increased as PWO2 fell from hyperoxia to normoxia, but hypoxic water depressed Pb. The PO2 in the ventral aorta (VA) fell as PabO2 fell, which stimulated fab and Pb when the gar was in normoxic or hyperoxic water. Thus gill ventilation and air breathing were normally controlled by both internal and external O2 levels, but aquatic hypoxia uniformly depressed gill ventilation regardless of changes in PabO2 levels. Heart rate and blood pressure were unaffected by these changes. NaCN stimulated hypoxic reflexes and bradycardia more quickly when given into the VA or conus than when given into the dorsal aorta. The animals appear to possess internal chemoreceptors that set the level of hypoxic drive and external chemoreceptors that inhibit gill ventilation and shift the ventilatory emphasis from water to air breathing.

Respiration and Osmoregulation in Rainbow Trout with Gills Damaged by Zinc Sulphate

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-494
Author(s):  
J. F. SKIDMORE
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Zinc Sulphate Solution

1. Damage to the gill epithelium occurs when hatched fish are killed rapidly by solutions of zinc sulphate. 2. The rate of routine oxygen uptake by lightly sedated, quiet, rainbow trout did not alter on exposure to a rapidly toxic solution of zinc sulphate. However, oxygen utilization decreased seven-fold, gill ventilation volume increased six-fold, heart rate was halved, coughing rate increased 18-fold and the Po2 of dorsal aortic blood declined. 3. Unsedated trout usually struggled on exposure to zinc. The survival time of struggling fish was reduced and oxygen uptake increased, but other physiological changes were similar to those in quiet fish. 4. The respiratory changes in poisoned trout were generally similar to changes observed earlier in the same fish under hypoxia. 5. The osmotic concentration and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc in blood were largely unaffected by immobilization in zinc sulphate solution. Trout survived a four-fold increase in zinc concentration in the blood by injection. 6. The results suggest that epithelial damage decreased the permeability of the gills to oxygen, and did not increase their permeability to cations. Zinc was not a rapid internal poison. Death was probably caused by tissue hypoxia, when maximum gill ventilation was no longer sufficient to supply the oxygen needs of the fish.

The Effects of Branchial Denervation and Pseudobranch Ablation on Cardioventilatory Control in an Air-Breathing Fish

1991 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID J. McKENZIE ◽  
MARK L. BURLESON ◽  
DAVID J. RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Reflex Bradycardia ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Amia Calva

Present address and address for reprint requests: Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, via Balzaretti 9, Università di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy. The role of sensory afferent information from the gills of Amia calva in cardiovascular and ventilatory control was investigated by bilateral branchial denervation and pseudobranch ablation. Aquatic hypoxia or 1 mg of sodium cyanide (NaCN) in the water flowing over the gills stimulated bradycardia, and gill and air ventilation in sham-operated fish. Sodium cyanide, noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) infusion into the dorsal aorta increased gill ventilation, and NA and A infusion also stimulated tachycardia and an increase in blood pressure. Following denervation and pseudobranch ablation, O2 consumption (V·OO2), airbreathing frequency (fAB) and arterial O2 tension (PaOO2) declined, and circulating NA levels increased, as compared with sham-operated fish. Cardiovascular and air-breathing responses to hypoxia were abolished and gill ventilatory responses attenuated. All ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to NaCN were abolished and gill ventilatory responses to NA and A were attenuated in animals following denervation and pseudobranch ablation. These results demonstrate that O2-sensitive chemoreceptors in the gills and pseudobranch control reflex bradycardia and air-breathing responses in Amia, but that gill ventilatory responses to hypoxia, NA and A are partially mediated by extrabranchial mechanisms. Plasma NA levels increased during hypoxia in shamoperated and denervated animals, indicating that circulating NA may have mediated gill ventilatory responses in denervated animals.

The Behaviour, Survival and Respiration of the Cockles Cerastoderma Edule and C. Glaucum in Air

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Boyden
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Cerastoderma Edule ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Scope ◽  
Uptake Rates

Aspects of the physiology of the two cockles Cerastoderma edule (L.) and C. glaucum (Poiret) in air have been investigated. Both cockles exhibit bradycardia during exposure and are similarly tolerant of anoxic conditions, but C. edule survives longer in air than C. glaucum. This is accounted for by the fact that C. edule displays a behaviour pattern of valve movements upon emersion which allows air-breathing. Oxygen uptake rates of this cockle measured in air lie close to the lowest rates recorded in water, and are considered to approximate to a basal or quiescent level. C. glaucum does not air-breathe and is restricted to lowest shore levels. Values for ‘maximal’ levels of oxygen uptake in water have also been obtained together with estimates of metabolic scope for the cockle.

Bimodal oxygen uptake in a freshwater air-breathing fish,Notopterus chitala

1986 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapan K. Ghosh ◽  
Amita Moitra ◽  
Gopal K. Kunwar ◽  
Jyoti S. D. Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Air Breathing

Air-breathing mechanics in two Amazonian teleosts, Arapaima gigas and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Farrell ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Breathing Mechanics ◽  
Replacement Technique ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The mechanics of air breathing in pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, and jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, were studied by simultaneous monitoring of air bladder gas pressure and buccal pressure. Also the effect of alterations in air bladder gas tensions on air-breathing patterns was examined by a gas replacement technique. Pirarucu surface every 4.2 min to make a single ventilation of the air bladder, whilst jeju usually make two or three ventilations at an air breath every 3.0 min. Pirarucu exhale first, then inhale, but in jeju buccal filling occurred before lung emptying. Inhalation in pirarucu is a result of air bladder aspiration combined with the action of a buccal pump; however, lung filling in jeju is achieved by a buccal pump only. The significance of aspiration breathing in pirarucu is discussed. Both fish respond similarly to alterations in air bladder gas tensions. Hyperoxia prolongs the interval between air breaths and hypercapnia reduces this interval.

Some kinetic properties of skeletal muscle pyruvate kinase from air-breathing and water-breathing fish of the Amazon

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. A. Fields ◽  
W. R. Driedzic ◽  
C. J. French ◽  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The kinetic properties of pyruvate kinase from skeletal muscle were studied in two species of air-breathing fish, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Arapaima gigas, and two species of water-breathing fish, Hoplias malabaricus and Osteoglossum bicirrhosum. It was found that the enzymes from Hoplias and Hoplerythrinus showed hyperbolic saturation kinetics for all substrates, were activated slightly by fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and were inhibited by phosphocreatine and citrate. The enzyme from Hoplias was inhibited by alanine, whereas the enzyme from Hoplerythrinus was not. The enzymes from Arapaima and Osteoglossum showed hyperbolic saturation kinetics for adenosine diphosphate, but the saturation kinetics for phusphoenol-pyruvate were sigmoidal. These enzymes were strongly activated by fructose 1,6-diphosphate and strongly inhibited by alanine, the former completely reversing the inhibition by the latter. Phosphocreatine and citrate were also found to be inhibitors of these enzymes, but the inhibition by phosphocreatine was not reversed by additions of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The enzymes from the water-breathing fish were more sensitive to inhibition by alanine than were those from the air-breathing fish, but in other respects the enzymes were very similar.

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