Effect of digestible energy intake on glucose synthesis in reindeer and caribou

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
Pamela Whitehead ◽  
R. G. White ◽  
J. O. Anvik
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Multicompartmental Analysis ◽  
Glucose Synthesis

Glucose parameters were estimated by multicompartmental analysis after the single injection of [U-14C] glucose in pen-fed reindeer and caribou. During the rut, the plasma concentration, pool size, space, total entry rate, irreversible loss, and glucose turnover time of male reindeer and caribou declined; all parameters increased significantly after the rut ended and feeding had begun again. In female reindeer and caribou the lowest estimates of glucose pool, space, total entry rate, and irreversible loss were noted during midpregnancy (February–April). During early lactation (May–June) significant increases were noted in total entry rate, irreversible loss, and the plasma concentration of glucose.For non-lactating reindeer and caribou, inflections in relationships between glucose total entry rate and irreversible loss with digestible energy intake were noted at a daily digestible intake of about 195 kcal/W0.75 (where W0.75 = metabolic body weight); three times more glucose was synthesized per unit digestible energy intake above the point of inflection than was synthesized below it. Per unit of protein intake, total entry rate and irreversible loss of glucose for males exceeded that of the females by 4 to 5 mg/W0.75 per minute. In female reindeer and caribou a close correlation was noted between the glucose irreversible loss and total entry rate. Glucose resynthesis was constant at 1.5 mg/W0.75 per minute.

Glucose metabolism in lactating reindeer

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. White ◽  
J. R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Glucose Transfer ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
Lactation Cycle

Changes in glucose synthesis during the lactation cycle were estimated in pen-fed and grazing reindeer. The pool size, space, transfer rate, and irreversible loss of glucose were determined using simultaneous injections of [2-3H]glucose and primed infusions of [U-14C]glucose in reindeer lactating for 1–2, 4–5, 8–9, and 12–16 weeks. Glucose transfer rate and irreversible loss were higher during early to midlactation than at other times of the year; maximum estimates were at 8–9 weeks postpartum (July), and a decline was noted at 12–16 weeks (August). During the first 1–2 weeks in pen-fed and 4–5 weeks in grazing reindeer, glucose transfer rate and irreversible loss were almost twice the values reported for reindeer at maintenance. No difference in the irreversible loss of glucose was noted between lactating and non-lactating reindeer at 18–20 weeks postpartum (September), and there is evidence that this may occur as early as 12–16 weeks postpartum. No significant trend was noted in the glucose space throughout lactation; however, a significant increase in plasma glucose concentration and pool size was noted when glucose synthesis was highest (8–9 weeks postpartum). Glucose turnover time was consistently faster (78–88 min) in lactating than in non-lactating reindeer (107–140 min). Reindeer used a smaller proportion of plasma glucose-C for lactose synthesis than did other domestic species. This probably results from the low lactose content of reindeer milk and the relatively low rate of milk secretion.

Effects of Trichostrongylus colobriformis (Nematoda) on the nutrition and metabolism of sheep. IV.* Glucose metabolism

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
FB Roseby
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Glucose Carbon ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effect of infection with Trichostrongylus co!ubriformis on quantitative aspects of glucose metabolism was studied in 12 Merino lambs. Total entry rate, rate of irreversible loss and rate of recycling were measured simultaneously by means of [U-14C]glucose and [3-3H]glucose. The feed intake of all sheep was maintained at 540 g/day throughout the experiment. The total entry rate of glucose in infected sheep was greater than in their controls. There was a smaller difference in the irreversible loss of glucose because of increased recycling of glucose carbon in infected sheep. It was concluded that the rate of glucose synthesis was higher in infected sheep compared with control sheep on the same feed intake, because there was more recycling and possibly increased availability of propionate from the large intestine. However, this increase would not compensate for the reduced intake of glucose precursors by infected sheep fed ad libitum, so the overall effect of T. colubriformis infection would be to reduce glucose synthesis. ___________________ *Part III, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 155 (1977).

scholarly journals Glucose metabolism in vivo in fed and 48 h starved goats during pregnacy and lactation

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Chaiyabutr ◽  
Anne Faulkner ◽  
M. Peaker
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Glucose Synthesis

1. Glucose turnover (i.e. glucose entry and utilization rates) in fed and 48 h starved goats during pregnancy and lactation was determined using a continuous infusion of [U-14C]- and [3-3H]glucose.2. Glucose synthesis and utilization increased during pregnancy and lactation in fed but not in starved goats.3. Recycling of giucosc-C was approximately 10% in fed animals and 15–20% in starved animals and was unaffected by the stage of pregnancy or lactation.4. Plasma glucose concentrations were maintained during pregnancy and lactation in fed goats but decreased during 48 h starvation in pregnant goats. Little change was seen in the plasma concentration of lipids and their metabolites during pregnancy and lactation in fed goats, but increases were observed after 48 h starvation.5. The control of glucose metabolism in ruminants during pregnancy and lactation is discussed.

Production of volatile fatty acids in the sheep caecum

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Digestible Energy

Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids labelled with 14C were infused into the caecum of continuously fed sheep. The specific activity of the volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caecum was determined at intervals during the infusion. The production rate was calculated by isotope dilution from the results of those experiments in which steady state conditions were obtained. Substantial interconversions occurred between the fatty acid fractions. The total production of VFA was about 440 mmoles/day, equivalent to 125 kcal/day or 5.3% of the animal's digestible energy intake.

THE POOL SIZE, TURNOVER RATE, AND OXIDATION RATE OF BODY GLUCOSE IN ANESTHETIZED WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS EXPOSED TO A WARM ENVIRONMENT

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Depocas
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
The Difference

The size and space of the body glucose pool along with its turnover and oxidation rates have been measured in anesthetized 30° and 6 °C acclimated rats by a method involving continuous intravenous injection of small amounts of D-glucose uniformly labelled with C14 and attainment of relatively constant specific activities of plasma glucose and respiratory CO2. Values of glucose pool space in warm-acclimated rats (essentially normal animals) were in accord with those found in the dog by a similar method. Results obtained on warm-acclimated rats indicated that previous published values of turnover and oxidation rates of glucose for normal rats were high by a factor of approximately 2 to 4. There was, however, close agreement between the values of turnover time of body glucose pool measured by the continuous infusion procedure and those obtained by others with the single intravenous or intraperitoneal injection procedure. In cold-acclimated rats, average absolute values of glucose pool size were significantly smaller than in warm-acclimated rats but the difference was lost when results were related to body weight. Small, non-significant differences in values of glucose pool size per 100 g body weight and in plasma glucose concentration combined to give a significantly larger glucose space in cold-than in warm-acclimated rats. Glucose turnover and oxidation rates, the ratio between these two quantities, and the proportion of respiratory CO2 derived from glucose oxidation were not significantly different in the two groups of rats, thus indicating that cold acclimation is not associated with major alterations in glucose metabolism at least when studied on fully fed anesthetized animals at 30 °C.

Gluconeogenesis from alanine in vivo by the ovine fetus and lamb.

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (6) ◽  
pp. E462
Author(s):  
R L Prior ◽  
R K Christenson
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Glucose Turnover ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Lactate Turnover ◽  
Fetal Lamb ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
Ovine Fetus ◽  
Gluconeogenesis From Alanine

Gluconeogenesis from alanine was determined with an intravenous infusion of [U-14C]alanine and [6-3H]glucose or [U-14C]glucose in five fetal lambs (3.6 +/- 0.1 kg; 127 days of gestation) and four growing ewe lambs (37 +/- 2 kg). Conversion of alanine to glucose (mmol/h) was 0.40 +/- 0.12 and 0.51 +/- 0.10 and accounted for 7.3 and 25.6% of the alanine turnover in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Alanine contributed 2.3 and 1.1% of the glucose turnover and 22.3 and 1.1% of the lactate turnover in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Lactate contributed 19.5% of the glucose turnover in growing lambs, and glucose synthesis from lactate accounted for 24.7% of the lactate turnover. Glucose turnover (mmol/h) was 10.2 and 25.1 in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Results from these studies have shown that the fetal lamb at 127 days of gestation has a high rate of alanine turnover and conversion to glucose when compared with that of the growing lamb on a high plane of nutrition.

scholarly journals Development of a mathematical model for predicting digestible energy intake to meet desired body condition parameters in exercising horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1945-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Zoller ◽  
Clay A Cavinder ◽  
Dennis Sigler ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi ◽  
Julie Harlin
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Digestible Energy

Digestible Energy Intake of Complete Diets by Wethers and Lactating Ewes

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 960-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Clancy ◽  
L. S. Bull ◽  
P. J. Wangsness ◽  
B. R. Baumgardt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Digestible Energy

Methane abatement strategies for cattle: Lipid supplementation of diets

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Beauchemin ◽  
Sean M. McGinn ◽  
Hélène V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Abatement Strategies ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Forage Diets

A study was conducted to investigate the impact of several lipid sources that supplied mainly long-chain fatty acids (FA), for their potential to reduce methane emissions from growing cattle. Sixteen Angus heifers (initial weight, 325 ± 41 kg) were used in the experiment, which was designed as a crossover with two groups, four 21-d periods, and four dietary treatments: control (no added lipid source), tallow, sunflower oil, and whole sunflower seeds. Lipid sources were added to supply 34 g fat kg-1 of dietary dry matter (DM), bringing the total dietary fat content to about 59 g kg-1 of DM. Adding tallow increased the dietary proportion of saturated FA (47 g 100 g -1 of FA), whereas sunflower oil and seeds decreased the proportion (21 g 100 g-1 of FA). The basal diets consisted of mainly whole-crop barley silage (650 g kg-1 of DM). Compared with the control, ad libitum intake was reduced (P < 0.001) with sunflower seeds, but not with tallow (P = 0.13) or sunflower oil (P = 0.53). About 14% less methane was emitted per animal when diets contained tallow or sunflower oil and 33% less methane was emitted when diets contained sunflower seeds (P < 0.001), compared with the control diet (177.4 g d-1). Relative differences in methane emissions among lipid sources were maintained after correction for intake of DM or gross energy. The methane reduction caused by tallow and sunflower seeds was partly due to decreased diet digestibility. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in the total tract decreased (P < 0.05) by 15% with tallow and by 20% with sunflower seeds compared with the control, with only a numerical reduction from control for sunflower oil (12%; P = 0.11). Consequently, digestible energy intake was about 4% higher (P < 0.001) for sunflower oil, but 3% lower (P = 0.02) with tallow and 12% lower (P < 0.001) with sunflower seeds, compared with the control. All lipid sources reduced methane emissions by an average of 17% when corrected for digestible energy intake (from 11.22 to 9.34 g methane Mcal-1; P = 0.01). We concluded that adding about 3% lipid to high-forage diets in the form of saturated or unsaturated long-chain FA decreases methane emissions, and could have substantial effects on methane inventories if implemented commercially. All three lipid sources suppressed methane production, but sunflower oil has good potential for on-farm adoption because it had minimal effects of fiber digestibility, increased the intake of digestible energy and the rate of gain of cattle, and lowered methane production. Although tallow and sunflower seeds are usually cheaper sources of lipid than sunflower oil, their cost effectiveness as methane abatement strategies would also need to account for their potentially negative effects on digestible energy intake and performance of cattle fed high-forage diets. key words: Beef cattle, diet, fat, greenhouse gases, lipid; methane, oil

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