Salinity preferences of Fundulus heteroclitus and F. diaphanus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae): their role in geographic distribution

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 997-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Fritz ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Salinity Acclimation ◽  
Banded Killifish

Salinity preferences and the effect of salinity acclimation on salinity preferences were determined for both the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, and banded killifish, F. diaphanus. Experiments were conducted in a vertical salinity gradient consisting of layers at 0, 8, 14, 20, 26, and 31‰ salinity and at about 19C. Vertical-gradient tests were corroborated by retesting fishes in a two-compartment horizontal comparator. Mummichogs show a moderate preference for water of intermediate salinity (20‰) and a slight preference for 8‰. Banded killifish show a strong preference for fresh water. Neither species is affected by salinity acclimation. The differing preferences agree with their rarely overlapping natural habitat distributions.

Thermal preferences of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus L., and banded killifish, F. diaphanus (LeSueur), (Cyprinodontidae) in relation to thermal acclimation and salinity

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1190-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Garside ◽  
G. C. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Thermal Gradients ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Typical Habitat ◽  
Thermal Preferences ◽  
Banded Killifish

Frequency distributions corresponding to various levels of thermal acclimation from 5 to 35 °C were recorded for samples of marine mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus L., and samples of freshwater banded killifish, F. diaphanus (LeSueur), in thermal gradients formed in columns of fresh water (< 0.5‰ salinity) or sea water (32‰ salinity). Mean preferred temperatures comprised roughly parallel but irregularly inflected trends for the two series of tests, within each species. In mummichog, preferred temperatures for corresponding thermal acclimations ranged from 3 to 6 °C higher in tests conducted in sea water. In banded killifish, preferred temperatures for corresponding thermal acclimations ranged from 5 to 8 °C higher in fresh water. Thus, each species regularly preferred higher temperatures in salinity which approximated that of the typical habitat. The inference to be taken is that the unusual salinity for each species places an extraordinary osmoregulative load which influences the reactions of the fish to the series of thermal or other correlated stimuli in the gradient.

scholarly journals Geo-Dynamics, Salinity Gradient, and Vegetation Interdependence in Chilika Lagoon, a Tropical Wetland in Eastern India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujit Kumar Mishra ◽  
Siba Prasad Mishra ◽  
Kalpataru Das
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Chilika Lagoon ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Water Lake ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Geomorphic Features ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Fresh Water Lake

<p>Chilika a shallow brackish lagoon, India, is shrinking for sediment surplus budget. South Mahanadi deltaic branches <em>i.e.</em> Daya and Bhargavi terminate at the southwest swamps of the Lagoon. The annual average salinity of the lake was depleted from 22.31ppt (1957-58) to 8.5 ppt. (1999-2000) as the mixing process of saline and fresh water was influenced from 1995. Trepidation of conversion of  Chilika to a atrophied fresh water lake due to blooming population and their hydrologic interventions like Kolleru lake in (India), Aral Lake (Uzbekistan) was apprehended by 1950’s and was alarming by 1999 when the shallow inlet(s) shifted extreme north. The shallow mud flats of lean salinity were reclaimed further for agriculture. The ecology and biodiversity degraded with substantial pecuniary loss to the lagoon dependents. Anthropogenic interventions like, Hirakud dam (1956), dredging of Sipakuda Inlet (2000), Naraj barrage at delta head (2004), Gobardhanpur barrages (1998) and Gabkund cut with weir (2014) were made to the hydraulic system. The deteriorating health, perturbed biodiversity and declined ecosystem of the lagoon has forced to have a comparative study of the various morphologic changes passed over the Chilika with time. The meteorological, hydrologic and the salinity study of the lagoon area for the period 1990 to 2016 have shown changes. Topographic study using GIS is developed by collecting data from Glovis Classic (Google) and the interpretation is done using ERDAS 9.2 software for various geomorphic features (1984 and 2017) before and after the current anthropogenic interventions and compared with previous studies.</p>

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF A LONGITUDINALLY STRATIFIED ESTUARY

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg Imberger
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
First Order ◽  
Vertical Density ◽  
Stratified Estuary ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Australian Estuary

Introduction. A partially stratified estuary is defined as one which possesses a quite definite longitudinal salinity gradient from the mouth to the head of the estuary, but only a very weak vertical or transverse salinity structure. For an estuary to exhibit such characteristics it must possess a source of fresh water near the head of the estuary, sufficient vertical mixing to overcome the potential energy associated with such a fresh water inflow and be very much longer than its width to reduce transverse variations. If the estuary is very shallow (a few meters) then wind generated turbulence is often sufficient to eliminate most or all the vertical structure. Deeper, or very sheltered, estuaries require additional strong tidal shears to break up the vertical density gradients. However, in both cases the mixing is usually not sufficient to completely homogenize the estuary longitudinally and it is found that these estuaries display a near linear salinity gradient along the principle axis of the estuary throughout most of the spring and summer months. Such a density gradient drives a gravitational circulation within the estuary which leads to a net transport of salt from the sea mouth to the head of the estuary. Two dimensional theories (see for instance Rat tray and Mitsuda (1974)) have been established, but In general these greatly underestimate the longitudinal transport found in such estuaries and three dimensional circulation effects must be considered. Fischer (1972) was the first to recognise this fact and he carried out a first order analysis which pointed to a greatly increased longitudinal dispersion. However, Fischer (1972) carried out his analysis only to first order, not explaining how the transverse pressure field, set up by the first order velocity field convecting the longitudinal density gradient, is balanced. It is the purpose of this paper to give a rigorous foundation to Fischer's (1972) hypothesis that it is the transverse variations in velocity which yield the greatest contribution to any longitudinal transport of the density or any passive pollutant. Furthermore, the presented theory is applied to a local Western Australian estuary which is ideally suited for such a comparison complying strictly to the assumptions of the theory.

scholarly journals Estuary-on-a-chip: unexpected results for the fate and transport of nanoparticles

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Gigault ◽  
Marianne Balaresque ◽  
Hervé Tabuteau
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Fate And Transport ◽  
Nanoparticle Aggregates

The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of a spatial salinity gradient, as encountered in estuaries when fresh water meets salt water, on the aggregation features of fullerene nanoparticle aggregates (nC60).

scholarly journals Time course of salinity adaptation in a strongly euryhaline estuarine teleost, fundulus heteroclitus: a multivariable approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 1535-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.S. Marshall ◽  
T.R. Emberley ◽  
T.D. Singer ◽  
S.E. Bryson ◽  
S.D. Mccormick
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Ion Secretion ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Freshwater-adapted killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were transferred directly from soft fresh water to full-strength sea water for periods of 1 h, 3 h, 8 h and 1, 2, 7, 14 and 30 days. Controls were transferred to fresh water for 24 h. Measured variables included: blood [Na+], osmolality, glucose and cortisol levels, basal and stimulated rates of ion transport and permeability of in vitro opercular epithelium, gill Na+/K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activity and chloride cell ultrastructure. These data were compared with previously published killifish cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (kfCFTR) expression in the gills measured over a similar time course. Plasma cortisol levels peaked at 1 h, coincident with a rise in plasma [Na+]. At 8 h after transfer to sea water, a time at which previous work has shown kfCFTR expression to be elevated, blood osmolality and [Na+] were high, and cortisol levels and opercular membrane short-circuit current (Isc; a measure of Cl- secretion rate) were low. The 24 h group, which showed the highest level of kfCFTR expression, had the highest plasma [Na+] and osmolality, elevated plasma cortisol levels, significantly lower opercular membrane resistance, an increased opercular membrane ion secretion rate and collapsed tubule inclusions in mitochondria-rich cells, but no change in gill Na+/K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activity or plasma glucose levels. Apparently, killifish have a rapid (&lt;1 h) cortisol response to salinity coupled to subsequent (8–48 h) expression of kfCFTR anion channel proteins in existing mitochondria-rich cells that convert transport from ion uptake to ion secretion.

Ecological plasticity of the European eel Anguilla anguilla in a tidal Atlantic lake system in Ireland

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takaomi Arai ◽  
Aya Kotake ◽  
Chris Harrod ◽  
Michelle Morrissey ◽  
T. Kieran McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Ecological Plasticity ◽  
Lake System ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

AbstractRecent studies have shown that anguillid eel populations in habitats spanning the marine–freshwater ecotone can display extreme plasticity in the range of catadromy expressed by individual fish. The apparent use of marine and freshwater habitats by the European eel Anguilla anguilla was examined by analysing the strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in otoliths of eels collected from a tidal Atlantic lake system in Ireland. Variations of the Sr:Ca ratio in the otoliths indicated that a variety of environmental salinities had been experienced in the habitats that were occupied during the growth phase of these individuals in the tidal Atlantic lake system. The otolith microchemistry of these eels indicated that most of the eels had entered each salinity environment (freshwater (FW); brackish water (BW); marine-dominated water (MW) and full seawater (SW)) from fresh water to full seawater just after recruitment and had stayed in each environment until maturation without movement to other salinity environments. Only 2 of 93 (2%) eels had shifted their habitat once in their lives. This result suggests that each individual might have an environmental habitat preference, although each individual could move along a short (<2 km) salinity gradient.

Experimental Study on Energy Harvesting From Salinity Gradient by Reverse Electrodialysis in Ag/AgCl Deposited AAO Nanochannel Array

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeongdong Kang ◽  
Moojoong Kim ◽  
Hyungmin Joo ◽  
Hyun Jung Kim ◽  
Dong-Kwon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Rear Surface ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Silver Layer ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis ◽  
Nanochannel Array

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is energy conversion phenomena which generates electricity from concentration gradient energy by mixing the ions in sea water with fresh water through ion-selective nanochannel. When nanochannels are filled with an aqueous solution, the surface of nanochannels is charged by ionization, ion adsorption, and ion dissolution. Therefore, co-ions are repelled from the nanochannels and only counter-ions can be transported through the nanochannels. As a result, the electric current can be generated by selective ion transport through the nanochannels from sea water to fresh water. Recently, solid-state nanochannels or nanopores have received attention because they have potential to replace polymer ion-selective membranes. Especially, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanochannel array has advantage of easiness of pore size control and high pore density. In the present study, to collect electric current generated by the nanochannels, we deposited the porous silver layer on both front and rear surface of the AAO nanochannel array by using e-beam evaporation and changed the silver layer to the silver/silver chloride layer by chemical oxidation with aqueous FeCl3. Finally, we conduct an experimental investigation for the power generation from the AAO nanochannel arrays placed between two potassium chloride solutions with various combinations of concentrations.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Akar Propagul Rhizophora apiculata Blume. pada Medium Air Tawar.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Sugiarto
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Natural Condition ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Good Potential

Abstract Rhizophora apiculata Blume. is one of the mangrove species with propagules of good potential to be developed into potted ornamental plants using only fresh water medium. In its natural condition, there are many factors that affect the growth of mangroves. Eventhough mangroves have good adaptation, the use of fresh water as their growth medium is very interesting. One of the signs that indicate growth is the emergence of roots. This research was conducted to examine the growth of R. apiculata propagules in their efforts to develop into ornamental plants using fresh water medium. The results showed that the growth of R. apiculata root propagules was slow as well as the increase in the number of roots. Apiculosis was faster in the first week compared to the second week, while the number of roots increased more during the first week. Compared with the growth of R. apiculata root propagules which were planted in their natural habitat, the growth of R. apiculata root propagules in fresh water medium was slower. This condition can be overcome by adding growth regulators such as auxin in the fresh water used.

Influence of osmotic stress on upper lethal temperatures in the cyprinodontid fish Fundulus heteroclitus (L.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Garside ◽  
Z. K. Chin-Yuen-Kee
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperatures

Upper lethal temperatures determined for the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) for exposures of 10 000 min ranged from 18.58C to 36.31C. Osmotic acclimations were prepared at 0, 14, and 32‰ salinity (S), at thermal acclimations of 5 and 15C, and at 14 and 32‰ S at 25C. Mummichog could not survive in the acclimatory combination of 0‰ S at 25C. Subsamples from these acclimatory combinations were exposed to thermal stress at 0, 14, and 32‰ S. Highest upper lethal temperatures were observed in isosmotic test salinity (14‰). Intermediate lethal levels occurred in seawater (32‰ S) and the lowest lethal temperatures occurred in fresh water (0‰ S). Upper lethal temperature increased with increasing thermal acclimation but generally, prior osmotic experience did not modify thermal tolerance. There was no relation between order of death and size in 18 of the 24 test combinations. In the remaining six, the largest members died first in four and the smallest died first in two test combinations.

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