scholarly journals Estuary-on-a-chip: unexpected results for the fate and transport of nanoparticles

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Gigault ◽  
Marianne Balaresque ◽  
Hervé Tabuteau
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Fate And Transport ◽  
Nanoparticle Aggregates

The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of a spatial salinity gradient, as encountered in estuaries when fresh water meets salt water, on the aggregation features of fullerene nanoparticle aggregates (nC60).

The Influence of Height of LCZ on the Salinity Diffusion of Solar Pond

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 1521-1524
Author(s):  
Chun Juan Gao ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Hai Hong Wu ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
Xi Ping Huang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Good Method ◽  
Convective Zone ◽  
Solar Ponds ◽  
Solar Pond ◽  
Salt Gradient ◽  
And Diffusion

The solar ponds with a surface of 0.3m2were filled with different concentration salt water and fresh water. The three layer’s structure of solar ponds was formed in the laboratory ponds by using the salinity redistribution. The performance and diffusion of salinity were xperimentally in the solar pond. The measurements were taken and recorded daily at various locations in the salt-gradient solar pond during a period of 30 days of experimentation. The experimental results showed that the salinity gradient layer can sustain a longer time when the lower convective zone is thicker, which is benefit to store solar energy. Therefore, properly increasing the height of LCZ is a good method to enhance the solar pond performance.

Longitudinal Transportation Mechanism of Sallinity in West Channel of Lingding Bay in Dry Season, China

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 1898-1901
Author(s):  
Hua Li You
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Residual Circulation ◽  
Salinity Transport ◽  
The Pearl River

Estuary is the transition zone,where fresh water and salty water mixes strongly.In dry season,because Discharge of the Pearl River water decreases,salt water intrusion become serious in the Pearl River delta,and affect the safety of fresh water supply.So,salinity transport mechanism is a very important topic.In this paper,according to the measured data in November 3-4,2005,calculate and analyze the longitudinal flow characteristics,salinity distribution and transport mechanisms. Research results show that the velocity varieties with ebb and flood processes,the surface velocity is larger than that of bottom and middle layer.In ebb slack and flood slack period,there is a zero velocity point,and its movement distance is up to 10km.Vertical residual circulation is obvious, surface layer is to sea,and bottom layer is to land.Net salinity transport direction is from sea to land.salinity vertical stratification is evident,and varieties obviously with tide changes.Surface salinity gradient is larger In flood period,and bottom salinity gradient is larger in ebb period.In ebb slack time,salinity is vertical uniform distribution.

Stress and saltwater-entry behavior of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): conflicts in physiological motivation

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 910-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Seals Price ◽  
Carl B Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Predator Model ◽  
Entry Behavior ◽  
Severe Stressor

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a mild or severe stressor on the saltwater preference of juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). To observe the response of fish to an overhead threat, we presented stressed fish with an avian predator model in the second experiment. Experiments were conducted in 757-L tanks containing a stable vertical salinity gradient. Only 69% of fish stressed by being chased for 2 min before saltwater introduction (mild stressor) held in salt water, whereas 95% of unchased control fish preferred the saltwater layer. After the more severe handling and confinement stressor, only 20% of fish entered and remained in salt water compared with 100% of unstressed controls. After the presentation of the avian model, stressed fish holding in fresh water moved into the saltwater layer, but this behavioral response was transient. Fish began returning to fresh water within 10 min, and after 1 h, only 26% of stressed fish remained in the saltwater layer. Stress significantly decreases the saltwater preference of chinook salmon that would otherwise select full-strength salt water and may affect behavior in the estuary. Although smoltification primes these fish for seawater residence, stress apparently induced a conflicting physiological motivation.

scholarly journals Fate of Heavy Metals Pb and Zn in the West Season at Jeneberang Estuary, Makassar

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najamuddin . ◽  
Tri Prartono ◽  
Harpasis S Sanusi ◽  
I. Wayan Nurjaya
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Residual Fraction ◽  
Geochemical Fractions ◽  
Marine Zone ◽  
Distribution Behavior

The pollutant quantity of heavy metals entering water environment does not give complete answer toward the generated effect and risk, however it needs thoroughly study related to the pollutant dynamic. The aim of this research was to investigate the fate of Pb and Zn in water, such as: distribution, behavior, and reactivity (case study: Jeneberang Estuary, Makassar). Pb and Zn concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The distribution of dissolved Pb and Zn showed a pattern that the lowest concentration was in the fresh water (the river zone), whereas the highest concentration was in the salt water (the marine zone). The distribution pattern of particulate Pb and Zn showed that the highest concentration was in the fresh water (the river zone) and the salt water (the marine zone), whereas the lowest concentration was in the estuary zone. The behavior of dissolved Pb and Zn tended to increase the concentration (desorption) along the increased salinity gradient. The residual fraction was the dominant component of geochemical fractions in the sediment that indicated the sources of Pb and Zn mainly derived from a natural process and the reactivity was low in the water. Keywords: distribution, behavior, reactivity, lead, zinc, pollution

scholarly journals XII. An easy method to distill fresh water from salt water at sea; by Capt. Newland

1772 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Easy Method

The materials necessary for this process are the following; a copper or iron pot of 15 or 20 gallons, an empty cask, some sheet lead, a small jar, a few wood-ashes or soap, and billet-wood for fewel.

scholarly journals Geo-Dynamics, Salinity Gradient, and Vegetation Interdependence in Chilika Lagoon, a Tropical Wetland in Eastern India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujit Kumar Mishra ◽  
Siba Prasad Mishra ◽  
Kalpataru Das
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Chilika Lagoon ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Water Lake ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Geomorphic Features ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Fresh Water Lake

<p>Chilika a shallow brackish lagoon, India, is shrinking for sediment surplus budget. South Mahanadi deltaic branches <em>i.e.</em> Daya and Bhargavi terminate at the southwest swamps of the Lagoon. The annual average salinity of the lake was depleted from 22.31ppt (1957-58) to 8.5 ppt. (1999-2000) as the mixing process of saline and fresh water was influenced from 1995. Trepidation of conversion of  Chilika to a atrophied fresh water lake due to blooming population and their hydrologic interventions like Kolleru lake in (India), Aral Lake (Uzbekistan) was apprehended by 1950’s and was alarming by 1999 when the shallow inlet(s) shifted extreme north. The shallow mud flats of lean salinity were reclaimed further for agriculture. The ecology and biodiversity degraded with substantial pecuniary loss to the lagoon dependents. Anthropogenic interventions like, Hirakud dam (1956), dredging of Sipakuda Inlet (2000), Naraj barrage at delta head (2004), Gobardhanpur barrages (1998) and Gabkund cut with weir (2014) were made to the hydraulic system. The deteriorating health, perturbed biodiversity and declined ecosystem of the lagoon has forced to have a comparative study of the various morphologic changes passed over the Chilika with time. The meteorological, hydrologic and the salinity study of the lagoon area for the period 1990 to 2016 have shown changes. Topographic study using GIS is developed by collecting data from Glovis Classic (Google) and the interpretation is done using ERDAS 9.2 software for various geomorphic features (1984 and 2017) before and after the current anthropogenic interventions and compared with previous studies.</p>

scholarly journals MEASUREMENT OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FRESH WATER AND SALT WATER USING ENERGY ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS IN MICROWAVE

2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Yuji ITO ◽  
Hideki MIYAMOTO ◽  
Masumi KORIYAMA ◽  
Jiro CHIKUSHI ◽  
Masahiro SEGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Absorption Characteristics

Salt-Water Interface Near a Fresh-Water Canal

1964 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Norbert L. Ackermann ◽  
Pachern Sridurongkatum
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Water Canal

The use of saline water for irrigating rice in northern Australia

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Soil Conductivity ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
Reproductive Phases

A pot trial to assess the effect of salt water on growth and yield of rice in the Northern Territory of Australia was conducted in 1962-63. Two varieties were irrigated with three levels of salinity for varied durations in either the establishment or reproductive phases. Plant emergence was significantly depressed by soil conductivities in excess of 4 m-mhos/cm at 25�C. The restricted use of up to 3000 p.p.m. total soluble salts from 10 days after emergence and of up to 6000 p.p.m. from 20 days after emergence, followed by fresh water, had no effect on flowering time, vegetative or grain yields. The application of 3000 and 6000 p.p.m. total soluble salts in the reproductive phase reduced mean panicle number and grain yield of both varieties and straw yield of one variety. Use of saline water in the establishment phase followed by fresh water and drainage, reduced soil conductivity. In the reproductive phase it nullified the effect of previous fresh water flushing and tended to increase soil conductivity above original levels.

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