Behavior of adult Simuliidae (Diptera). I. Response to color and shape

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne C. Bradbury ◽  
Gordon F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Incident Light ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Geometric Shapes ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Matte Surface

Collections of mammalophilic Simuliidae on variously colored and shaped two-dimensional silhouettes indicated that the species oriented to and landed on certain 'preferred' colors. The Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum complex and Cnephia (Stegopterna) mutata were consistently attracted to black targets, the Simulium venustum complex was consistently more attracted to blue silhouettes, and Simulium vittatum oriented and landed on all colored silhouettes except yellow. Black, blue, and red were the most attractive for all species. Colors reflecting the least amount of incident light were the most attractive, a matte surface was more attractive than a glossy one. The response of the flies to simple geometric shapes indicated that all shapes were equally attractive, with the flies aggregating at the points of convergence of the silhouette outline.

scholarly journals Rational Design and Simulation of Two-Dimensional Perovskite Photonic Crystal Absorption Layers Enabling Improved Light Absorption Efficiency for Solar Cells

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2460
Author(s):  
Jian Zou ◽  
Mengnan Liu ◽  
Shuyu Tan ◽  
Zhijie Bi ◽  
Yong Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Photonic Crystal Structure ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Photoelectric Conversion ◽  
Absorption Layer

A two-dimensional perovskite photonic crystal structure of Methylamine lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) is rationally designed as the absorption layer for solar cells. The photonic crystal (PC) structure possesses the distinct “slow light” and band gap effect, leading to the increased absorption efficiency of the absorption layer, and thus the increased photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery. Simulation results indicate that the best absorption efficiency can be achieved when the scattering element of indium arsenide (InAs) cylinder is arranged in the absorption layer in the form of tetragonal lattice with the height of 0.6 μm, the diameter of 0.24 μm, and the lattice constant of 0.4 μm. In the wide wavelength range of 400–1200 nm, the absorption efficiency can be reached up to 82.5%, which is 70.1% higher than that of the absorption layer without the photonic crystal structure. In addition, the absorption layer with photonic crystal structure has good adaptability to the incident light angle, presenting the stable absorption efficiency of 80% in the wide incident range of 0–80°. The results demonstrate that the absorption layer with photonic crystal structure can realize the wide spectrum, wide angle, and high absorption of incident light, resulting in the increased utilization efficiency of solar energy.

scholarly journals Novel Two-Dimensional Layered MoSi2Z4 (Z = P, As): New Promising Optoelectronic Materials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Hui Yao ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Jianwei Li ◽  
Yunjin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Absorption ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Optoelectronic Devices ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Optoelectronic Device ◽  
First Principles Calculation ◽  
Polarization Angle ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Conducting Materials

Very recently, two new two-dimensional (2D) layered semi-conducting materials MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4 were successfully synthesized in experiments, and a large family of these two 2D materials, namely MA2Z4, was also predicted theoretically (Science, 369, 670 (2020)). Motivated by this exciting family, in this work, we systematically investigate the mechanical, electronic and optical properties of monolayer and bilayer MoSi2P4 and MoSi2As4 by using the first-principles calculation method. Numerical results indicate that both monolayer and bilayer MoSi2Z4 (Z = P, As) present good structural stability, isotropic mechanical parameters, moderate bandgap, favorable carrier mobilities, remarkable optical absorption, superior photon responsivity and external quantum efficiency. Especially, due to the wave-functions of band edges dominated by d orbital of the middle-layer Mo atoms are screened effectively, the bandgap and optical absorption hardly depend on the number of layers, providing an added convenience in the experimental fabrication of few-layer MoSi2Z4-based electronic and optoelectronic devices. We also build a monolayer MoSi2Z4-based 2D optoelectronic device, and quantitatively evaluate the photocurrent as a function of energy and polarization angle of the incident light. Our investigation verifies the excellent performance of a few-layer MoSi2Z4 and expands their potential application in nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Absorption and Emission of Light in Quantum Structures

2020 ◽  
pp. 343-418
Author(s):  
Vurgaftman Igor
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Wells ◽  
Radiative Recombination ◽  
Quantum Wires ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Optical Gain ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Intersubband Transitions ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Zinc Blende ◽  
Two Dimensional Materials

This chapter shows how to calculate the absorption coefficient, optical gain, and radiative recombination rates in quantum wells and superlattices. A detailed treatment of both interband and intersubband transitions is presented, and their differences and similarities are considered in detail. The optical properties of wurtzite quantum wells and zinc-blende quantum wires and dots are also discussed. Finally, the interaction of excitonic transitions with incident light in quantum wells is considered as a model for other two-dimensional materials.

Quasi Two-Dimensional Evaporation and Boiling Under Reduced Pressure

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Ogawa ◽  
Yuichi Yasumoto ◽  
Mitsuhiro Matsumoto ◽  
Hidenobu Wakabayashi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Thin Liquid Film ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Float Glass ◽  
Laminated Plates ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Test Liquid ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Solvent Vapor

To study the washing mechanism of laminated plates with solvent vapor, we have experimentally investigated evaporation dynamics of liquid confined between solid plates under reduced pressure. As the test liquid, we use deionized water and several organic compounds. To visualize the fluid motion in the thin gaps, we adopt glass plates. When a test liquid is sandwiched between a normal (float) glass plate and a ground (sand-blasted) one, vertically incident light passes through the plates without much scattering; once the liquid starts to evaporate, dried rough surface of the ground glass scatters the light and we can monitor the flow pattern. Based on the transmitted light intensity, the whole plate area is categorized into three regions; completely wet, completely dry, and semi-dry one; the last one is supposed to be the state that thin liquid film spreads on the plate. In the case of water, many tiny spots of semi-dry region appear and expand at the initial stage, which is probably cavitation of dissolved gas. In organic liquid cases, evaporation seems to start from the edges of the plates. At a later stage, the semi-dry region expands with complicated branching patterns. In all cases, occasional rapid motions of liquid were observed, which correspond to two-dimensional flash boiling. We also investigated the influence of the control pressure, the surface roughness, and the plate deformation.

scholarly journals Modeling and Simulation of Two-Dimensional Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) Sensor

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 744-753
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Position Sensitive Detector ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Sensitive Detector ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Position Sensitive

This paper presents Modeling and Simulation of Two-Dimensional Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) using MATLAB. PSD is an Optical Position Sensor (OPS) that can measure a position of a radiation spot in one or two-dimensions on a sensor surface. Unlike discrete elements such as Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), it provides continuous position data, features high position resolution and high-speed response which give this paper its importance. The sensor used consists of two-dimensional array of photodiodes. The sensor has four output photocurrents that change according to the position of incident radiation on the surface. The work is divided into three parts of Modeling and Simulation; the first part is a single photodiode, Second part is one-dimensional array of photodiodes and the third one is two-dimensional array of photodiodes. The tool used to do the simulation is MATLAB software because it is professional and accurate tool, it has photodiode element and it is possible to control the beam of incident light. This research can be useful for Acquisition; Pointing and Tracking (APT) systems where this sensor will give the necessary data to do tracking operation. Proteus software was also been used as a secondary tool.

Ideas

1981 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
M. Bernadine Tabler ◽  
Marilyn Hall Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mathematical Learning ◽  
Geometric Shapes ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Total Environment

The IDEAS this month focuses on finding two-dimensional geometric shapes in designs and three-dimensional objects. The ability to isolate some elements from the total environment is an essential process for every phase of mathematical learning. These activities also encourage looking for geometric shapes in everyday surroundings.

Computer analysis of polarized spacing patterns with special reference to the larvae of the black fly, Simulium vittatum

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eymann ◽  
J. M. Schmidt ◽  
W. G. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Computer Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Neighbour Distance ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Spacing Pattern ◽  
Average Individual

A computer analysis of spacing patterns which makes fewer assumptions than either nearest-neighbour distance or plot frequency analysis techniques is described. This analysis determines if the spacing pattern is polarized in any direction, and can compensate for the possible effect of the size and shape of the organism on the spacing pattern. The output of the analysis is a two-dimensional frequency distribution which represents the likelihood of finding a neighbour near an average individual. This output can be represented by a two-dimensional map. The method requires a sample size greater than 50, and in its present form cannot assign statistical significance to the resulting probability distribution.

scholarly journals Inverse ray mapping in phase space for two-dimensional reflective optical systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmela Filosa ◽  
Jan ten Thije Boonkkamp ◽  
Wilbert IJzerman
Keyword(s):  
Phase Space ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
New Method ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Space Representation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Phase Space Representation

AbstractA new method to compute the target photometric variables of non-imaging optical systems is presented. The method is based on the phase space representation of each surface that forms the optical system. All surfaces can be modeled as detectors of the incident light and emitters of the reflected light. Moreover, we assume that the source can only emit light and the target can only receive light. Therefore, one phase space is taken into account for the source and one for the target. For the other surfaces both the source and target phase spaces are considered. The output intensity is computed from the rays that leave the source and hit the target. We implement the method for two-dimensional optical systems, and we compare the new method with Monte Carlo (MC) ray tracing. This paper is a proof of principle. Therefore, we present the results for systems formed by straight lines which are all located in the same medium. Numerical results show that the intensity found with the ray mapping method equals the exact intensity. Accuracy and speed advantages of several orders are observed with the new method.

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