The neurophysiology of respiration in decapod crustacea. II. The sensory system

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie M. Pasztor
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Rhythm Generator ◽  
Decapod Crustacea ◽  
New Type

The mechanoreceptors of the respiratory appendage were studied by histological and electrophysiological techniques.A new type of mechanoreceptor is described and named the "oval organ". It consists of a specialized oval patch of cuticle 1–2 mm in length which is traversed by a spine or longitudinal thickening. Closely applied to the cuticle is a pad of connective tissue richly supplied with dendrites from two large nerve fibers. The orientation of the spine and the dendrites ensures that the receptor responds preferentially to certain stresses or foldings of the oval organ. It lies at the base of the scaphognathite on the dorsal surface.No internal proprioceptors were observed. Movements of the appendage are signalled either by the oval organ, epidermal receptors, or hair sensilla.The possible effect of sensory input upon the central respiratory rhythm generator is discussed.

scholarly journals PATHOMORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PALMAR APONEUROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE AND VIRAL HEPATITIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-461
Author(s):  
T.A. Stupina ◽  
◽  
T.N. Varsegova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dupuytren’S Contracture ◽  
Virus Hepatitis ◽  
Dense Connective Tissue ◽  
Dupuytren's Contracture ◽  
Palmar Aponeurosis

Objective. To establish pathomorphologic peculiarities of palmar aponeurosis in the patients with Dupuytren’s contracture and concomitant virus hepatitis B and C. Methods. The data analysis of histomorphometric studies of the operation samples of 122 patients with Dupuytren’s contracture («Control» group, n=100) and Dupuytren’s contracture with virus hepatitis B and C («Hepatitis» group, n=22) were analyzed. Results. In patients of the «Hepatitis» group, the content of adiposed tissue in the palmar aponeurosis was 40.9% less (p <0.01) than in the «Control» group, and the content of dense connective tissue was 18.9% higher (p <0, 05). In all patients, arteries with the diameter up to 150 µm prevailed in the palmar aponeurosis, but in the «Hepatitis» group their percentage was reduced by 20%, with higher proportions of vessels with the diameter of 150-450 µm and the absence or recalibration of the largest arteries. In the «Control» group, the arteries had diameters from 50 to 660 µm, in the «Hepatitis» group they did not exceed 370 µm. Vessels less than 300 µm in diameter in both groups had comparable values of the Kernogan’s index. Arteries with a diameter of more than 300 microns in the «Hepatitis» group had higher values of the Kernogan’s index, which indicated a low conductance capacity compared to the vessels in the «Control» group. Most of the nerve trunks of the palmar aponeurosis in the patients of «Hepatitis» group showed signs of necrobiotic changes, i.e. fibrotic or swollen perineurium, withinflammatory cell infiltration, sometimes lost lamellar structure, and nerve fibers with signs of Wallerian degeneration. Conclusion. Obtained histomorphometric data of the tissue composition of palmar fascial fibromatosis, less amount of adiposed tissue and higher amount of dense connective one and more pronounced disorder of hemodynamics and innervation of the palmar aponeurosis in the group with concomitant virus hepatitis indicate significant effect of the liver pathology on the progression of the disease. What this paper adds For the first time, the pathomorphological features of the palmar aponeurosis have been studied in 122 patients with Dupuytren’s contracture and concomitant viral hepatitis B and C.It has been found that in patients with Dupuytren’s contracture and hepatitis in the palmar aponeurosis, the amount of adiposed tissue is reduced and the amount of dense connective tissue is increased; hemodynamic and innervation disorders are more pronounced.

scholarly journals Histological Structure of the Integument in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Solander)

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Compact Layer ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Loose Layer

The histological structure of integument in Mastacembelus mastacembelus have been investigated from skin fragments cut from nine regions at body surface. The results revealed that the integument of the fish investigated comprises three principal layers- the epidermis, the dermis (corium) and the subcutis-All the three principal layers may further be divided into secondary layers according to the function performed by their cells. The epidermis may further divided into three layers- the outermost epithelial coverage, the middle layer and the basal layer (stratum germinatiuum)-The dermis consists of a relatively thin upper layer of loose vascular connective tissue called the stratum laxum and a thick lower compact layer- the stratum compactum. The upper loose layer contains blood capillaries, nerve fibers and scale pockets. The subcutis is the innermost and the thinnest layer of the skin and is situated in between the stratum compactum and the muscles. All the above main layers showed great extend in their thickness.

Reconfiguration of the Respiratory Network at the Onset of Locust Flight

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 3137-3147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Marino Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Rhythm Generator ◽  
Locust Flight ◽  
Respiratory Network ◽  
Intracellular Stimulation ◽  
Tonic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Ramirez, Jan-Marino. Reconfiguration of the respiratory network at the onset of locust flight. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3137–3147, 1998. The respiratory interneurons 377, 378, 379 and 576 were identified within the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) of the locust. Intracellular stimulation of these neurons excited the auxillary muscle 59 (M59), a muscle that is involved in the control of thoracic pumping in the locust. Like M59, these interneurons did not discharge during each respiratory cycle. However, the SOG interneurons were part of the respiratory rhythm generator because brief intracellular stimulation of these interneurons reset the respiratory rhythm and tonic stimulation increased the frequency of respiratory activity. At the onset of flight, the respiratory input into M59 and the SOG interneurons was suppressed, and these neurons discharged in phase with wing depression while abdominal pumping movements remained rhythmically active in phase with the slower respiratory rhythm (Fig. 9 ). The suppression of the respiratory input during flight seems to be mediated by the SOG interneuron 388. This interneuron was tonically activated during flight, and intracellular current injection suppressed the respiratory rhythmic input into M59. We conclude that the respiratory rhythm generator is reconfigured at flight onset. As part of the rhythm-generating network, the interneurons in the SOG are uncoupled from the rest of the respiratory network and discharge in phase with the flight rhythm. Because these SOG interneurons have a strong influence on thoracic pumping, we propose that this neural reconfiguration leads to a behavioral reconfiguration. In the quiescent state, thoracic pumping is coupled to the abdominal pumping movements and has auxillary functions. During flight, thoracic pumping is coupled to the flight rhythm and provides the major ventilatory movements during this energy-demanding locomotor behavior.

scholarly journals Lamprey breathing when feeding sucks: the respiratory rhythm generator of a parasitic fish

2014 ◽  
Vol 592 (8) ◽  
pp. 1725-1726
Author(s):  
Mufaddal I. Baghdadwala ◽  
Richard J. A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Rhythm Generator

Histological considerations of the cleavage plane for preservation of facial and cochlear nerve functions in vestibular schwannoma surgery

2009 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomio Sasaki ◽  
Tadahisa Shono ◽  
Kimiaki Hashiguchi ◽  
Fumiaki Yoshida ◽  
Satoshi O. Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Cleavage Plane ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Vestibular Nerve ◽  
Cochlear Nerve ◽  
Tissue Layer ◽  
Connective Tissue Layer ◽  
Tumor Capsule ◽  
Tumor Parenchyma

Object The authors analyzed the tumor capsule and the tumor–nerve interface in vestibular schwannomas (VSs) to define the ideal cleavage plane for maximal tumor removal with preservation of facial and cochlear nerve functions. Methods Surgical specimens from 21 unilateral VSs were studied using classical H & E, Masson trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining against myelin basic protein. Results The authors observed a continuous thin connective tissue layer enveloping the surfaces of the tumors. Some nerve fibers, which were immunopositive to myelin basic protein and considered to be remnants of vestibular nerve fibers, were also identified widely beneath the connective tissue layer. These findings indicated that the socalled “tumor capsule” in VSs is the residual vestibular nerve tissue itself, consisting of the perineurium and underlying nerve fibers. There was no structure bordering the tumor parenchyma and the vestibular nerve fibers. In specimens of tumors removed en bloc with the cochlear nerves, the authors found that the connective tissue layer, corresponding to the perineurium of the cochlear nerve, clearly bordered the nerve fibers and tumor tissue. Conclusions Based on these histological observations, complete tumor resection can be achieved by removal of both tumor parenchyma and tumor capsule when a clear border between the tumor capsule and facial or cochlear nerve fibers can be identified intraoperatively. Conversely, when a severe adhesion between the tumor and facial or cochlear nerve fibers is observed, dissection of the vestibular nerve–tumor interface (the subcapsular or subperineurial dissection) is recommended for preservation of the functions of these cranial nerves.

Long-Tapered Double Needle Used to Reduce Needle Stick Nerve Injury

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Nerve Block ◽  
Type A ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
Anesthetic Solution ◽  
New Type ◽  
Histologic Specimen ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Background and ObjectivesNeedle trauma may cause peripheral nerve injuries during performance of peripheral nerve block.MethodsFour types of 21-gauge needles for regional anesthesia were compared: a beveled nerve block needle (Quincke type); a short-tapered needle with a side orifice (Whitacre type); a long-tapered needle with a side orifice (Sprotte type); and a long-tapered double needle combining an inner pencil-point fine needle with an outer truncated conical needle (a new type). This new needle was developed to reduce the potential for nerve injury while retaining a suitable flow rate of anesthetic solution and the ability to inject the solution precisely at the point of paresthesia elicited by the tip. Each type of needle was used to produce puncture injuries to rabbit sciatic nerves. Eighteen specimens were studied within each needle group. The beveled needle was used to produce two different types of nerve injuries by inserting it either transverse or longitudinal to the nerve fibers. Each histologic specimen of the nerve with the needle puncture was surfacestained with hematoxylin-eosin and Bodian's method. Subsequently, the number of damaged axons was histomorphologically counted and statistically evaluated.ResultsBoth long-tapered needles produced significantly fewer transected axons than the beveled needle inserted with the bevel longitudinal to the nerve fibers.ConclusionThe long-tapered needles produced the least number of transected nerve fibers after sciatic nerve puncture.

scholarly journals Inhibitory control of ascending glutamatergic projections to the lamprey respiratory rhythm generator

Neuroscience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 326 ◽  
pp. 126-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elenia Cinelli ◽  
Donatella Mutolo ◽  
Massimo Contini ◽  
Tito Pantaleo ◽  
Fulvia Bongianni
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Rhythm Generator

Modulation of the respiratory rhythm generator by the pontine noradrenergic A5 and A6 groups in rodents

2004 ◽  
Vol 143 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Hilaire ◽  
Jean-Charles Viemari ◽  
Patrice Coulon ◽  
Michel Simonneau ◽  
Michelle Bévengut
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Rhythm Generator
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