Salinity tolerance of brook sticklebacks, Culaea inconstans, freshwater ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius, and freshwater fourspine sticklebacks, Apeltes quadracus

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Culaea Inconstans ◽  
Freshwater Habitat ◽  
Lower Salinity ◽  
Light Duration ◽  
Apeltes Quadracus ◽  
Notemigonus Crysoleucas

The salinity tolerance of brook sticklebacks, Culaea inconstans, freshwater ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius, and freshwater fourspine sticklebacks, Apeltes quadracus, was studied and compared with the tolerance of Pimephales promelas, Notemigonus crysoleucas, and Umbra limi by increasing the salinity in steps of 10% seawater (3.5‰) at regular intervals. Culaea had a significantly lower salinity tolerance than Pungitius and Apeltes but had a significantly higher salinity tolerance than Pimephales, Notemigonus, and Umbra. Culaea recovered when returned to fresh water after an abrupt transfer to 100% seawater for 1.75 h or less. In Culaea, temperature had an effect on salinity tolerance but neither light duration nor acclimation in 20% seawater could be shown to have any effect. Apeltes had a significantly higher salinity tolerance than Pungitius at 8 °C but not at 16 °C. At 16 °C most feeding and fanning activity ceased at 60%, 80%, and 110% seawater, in Culaea, Pungitius, and Apeltes, respectively. In the Gasterosteidae the order of decreasing salinity tolerance and increasing utilization of the freshwater habitat is as Follows: Spinachia, Apeltes, Gasterosteus, Pungitius, and Culaea.

Buoyancy regulation by the sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius in response to different salinities and water densities

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1590-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Gee ◽  
Heidi M. Holst
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Hydrodynamic Forces ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Water Density ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Culaea Inconstans

The sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius maintain buoyancy equilibrium in laboratory experiments by altering swim-bladder volume when held in a range of salinities (0–22.5 ppt). By holding C. inconstans in a Percoll solution in which water density is increased but tonicity remains similar to that of fresh water, we show that this species adjusts its buoyancy in response to a change in water density. When C. inconstans is transferred abruptly from fresh water to brackish water (10 ppt) buoyancy equilibrium is not regained until 96 h later. During this period of swim-bladder adjustment, hydrodynamic forces are used to provide the appropriate lift. Both species encounter variation in salinity in nature and the ability to respond to such changes could be highly adaptive.

The systematics and zoogeography of Gyrodactylus species (Monogenea) parasitizing gasterosteid fishes in North America

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 956-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Cone ◽  
M. Wiles
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Culaea Inconstans ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Apeltes Quadracus ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Host Fishes

The systematics and zoogeography of Gyrodactylus from gasterosteid fishes (Apeltes quadracus, Culaea inconstans, Pungitius pungitius, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and G. wheatlandi) in North America were examined through a study of museum-held specimens and fresh material collected from localities across Canada. Six species are considered specific to these fishes, namely: G. alexanderi Mizelle and Kritsky, 1967, G. avalonia Hanek and Threlfall, 1969 (syn. G. lairdi Hanek and Threlfall, 1969, G. memorialis Hanek and Threlfall, 1969, G. terranovae Hanek and Threlfall, 1969), G. canadensis Hanek and Threlfall, 1969, G. cameroni Hanek and Threlfall, 1970, G. eucaliae lkezaki and Hoffman, 1957, and an unidentified species resembling G. pungitii Malmberg, 1964. The fauna has striking morphological similarities to that parasitizing the same host fishes in Eurasia. In fact, G. avalonia, G. canadensis, and the unconfirmed species are considered sister species to G. arcuatus Bychowsky, 1933, G. branchicus Malmberg, 1964, and G. pungitii, respectively. The match-ups are considered to have evolved from three lineages that parasitized G. aculeatus and P. pungitius prior to Pleistocene dispersal that resulted in these fishes and their parasites extending over much of the northern hemisphere. Gyrodactylus cameroni from A. quadracus is probably of North American origin and a sister species of G. avalonia. Gyrodactylus alexanderi from Pacific coast G. aculeatus and G. eucaliae from C. inconstans in the continent's central region have ties with a Pacific lineage. The parasites' geographical distributions and possible evolutionary histories since Pleistocene glaciation are discussed.

Parasites of Freshwater and Anadromous Fishes from Matamek River System, Quebec

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Hanek ◽  
Kalman Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
River System ◽  
Anguilla Rostrata ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Apeltes Quadracus ◽  
Catostomus Catostomus

In 224 fish of nine species from Matamek River system 38 genera of parasites were recovered (12 Protozoa, 3 Monogenea, 6 Digenea, 6 Cestoda, 6 Nematoda, 2 Acanthocephala, 3 Copepoda). Six genera of parasites were noted in Salmo salar, Salvelinus fontinalis harbored 17 genera, S. alpinus 5 genera, Osmerus mordax 4 genera, Anguilla rostrata 9 genera, Catostomus catostomus 8 genera, Apeltes quadracus 1 genus, Gasterosteus aculeatus 12 genera, and Pungitius pungitius 9 genera.

SUCCESSFUL REARING OF CENOCORIXA EXPLETA (HEMIPTERA: CORIXIDAE) IN FRESH WATER

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.G. Cannings
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Western North America

The water boatman Cenocorixa expleta (Uhler) is an inhabitant of saline ponds in the interior of western North America (Jansson 1972; Scudder 1976). In a field survey, Scudder (1969a) failed to find this species in ponds with surface conductivities less than 3900 μmhos/cm. Although it is apparently absent from fresh water, the osmotic responses of C. expleta are essentially those of a fresh water insect (Scudder et al. 1972). Also, salinity tolerance experiments carried out by Scudder (1969b) show that at 15°C adults of the species can survive almost a month in fresh water (less than 800 μmhos/cm) without food. However, it has not been shown that C. expleta can actually develop and breed successfully in fresh water.

Salinity tolerance of Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea): laboratory studies

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1837-1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Soleng ◽  
T A Bakke
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Water Dispersal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Parasite Survival

The salinity tolerance of the freshwater monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris, infecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, was studied experimentally. Following direct transfer of infected fish from fresh water to 5.0omicron salinity, parasite population growth increased at the same rate as in fresh water and was positively correlated with temperature (1.4, 6.0, and 12.0°C). In 7.5omicron salinity the populations declined and became extinct after a maximum of 56 days, without any significant difference between 6.0 and 12.0°C. However, some infrapopulations demonstrated short periods of growth. At higher salinities (10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 33.0omicron) the survival time decreased, and there was a negative correlation between survival time and temperature (1.4, 6.0, and 12.0°C). When transferred directly to sea water (33.0omicron) the parasites became opaque and ceased moving after a few minutes. There was no difference in parasite survival time between direct and gradual transfer from fresh water to 7.5 and 10.0omicron, except for one infrapopulation which demonstrated population growth from day 22 after some fluctuations following gradual transfer to 7.5omicron. The present findings support the hypothesis of brackish water dispersal of G. salaris with infected fish migrating between rivers in fjord systems.

The Development of a Diatom Database for Inferring Lake Salinity, Western Victoria, Australia: Towards a Quantitative Approach for Reconstructing Past Climates

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Gell
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Diatom Assemblages ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Lower Salinity ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Lake Waters ◽  
Lake Salinity

The development of a modern data set of 156 diatom samples from salt lakes has provided evidence of the tolerance of a large number of taxa to the salinity of lake waters. Thirty taxa have been recorded from 30 or more samples and so have been well characterised. A further 42 taxa have been recorded from 10 or more samples. The lakes sampled range in salinity from the freshwater–oligosaline boundary to well into the hypersaline range, so the upper and lower salinity tolerance limits of many species were investigated. Canonical correspondence analysis of the data set showed that salinity was the most important of the tested parameters influencing the diatom assemblages in the samples. Randomisation tests have provided correlation values between measured and predicted salinity comparable with those gained from other major salt lake diatom data sets, suggesting that this set is a good predictor of lake salinity.

Role of water current and related variables in determining buoyancy in the sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 2006-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Beaver ◽  
John H. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Weak Current ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Culaea Inconstans ◽  
Time Required

The sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius alter buoyancy (lift from the swim bladder) in the field primarily in response to changes in water velocity. Potential adjustment is extensive and is only realized when fish are exposed to current for several days. Buoyancy measured on fish from the field showed an inverse relationship with water velocity and temperature. Buoyancy was also highest in fish living among vegetation. However, vegetation was restricted to still water or areas of very low velocity. In the laboratory, water temperature affected buoyancy of C. inconstans in current only; there, at 6 °C, buoyancy was greater than at higher temperatures. In the field an unknown factor(s), dependent on temperature, affects buoyancy. An inverse relationship was found between buoyancy and water velocity in the laboratory, and adjustment of buoyancy was slow. The time required for buoyancy to decrease from maximum to minimum levels was 4 and 7 d for P. pungitius and C. inconstans, respectively. In the field, minimum buoyancy levels were not reached because fish were exposed to weak current velocities for short intervals. The ability to reduce swim bladder lift (volume) in strong velocities and replace it with hydrodynamic lift and vice versa is seen as an adaptation to environments where water velocity varies in time and space permitting fishes to use the most effective source of lift.

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