Buoyancy regulation by the sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius in response to different salinities and water densities

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1590-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Gee ◽  
Heidi M. Holst
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Hydrodynamic Forces ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Water Density ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Culaea Inconstans

The sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius maintain buoyancy equilibrium in laboratory experiments by altering swim-bladder volume when held in a range of salinities (0–22.5 ppt). By holding C. inconstans in a Percoll solution in which water density is increased but tonicity remains similar to that of fresh water, we show that this species adjusts its buoyancy in response to a change in water density. When C. inconstans is transferred abruptly from fresh water to brackish water (10 ppt) buoyancy equilibrium is not regained until 96 h later. During this period of swim-bladder adjustment, hydrodynamic forces are used to provide the appropriate lift. Both species encounter variation in salinity in nature and the ability to respond to such changes could be highly adaptive.

Role of water current and related variables in determining buoyancy in the sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 2006-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Beaver ◽  
John H. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Weak Current ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Culaea Inconstans ◽  
Time Required

The sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius alter buoyancy (lift from the swim bladder) in the field primarily in response to changes in water velocity. Potential adjustment is extensive and is only realized when fish are exposed to current for several days. Buoyancy measured on fish from the field showed an inverse relationship with water velocity and temperature. Buoyancy was also highest in fish living among vegetation. However, vegetation was restricted to still water or areas of very low velocity. In the laboratory, water temperature affected buoyancy of C. inconstans in current only; there, at 6 °C, buoyancy was greater than at higher temperatures. In the field an unknown factor(s), dependent on temperature, affects buoyancy. An inverse relationship was found between buoyancy and water velocity in the laboratory, and adjustment of buoyancy was slow. The time required for buoyancy to decrease from maximum to minimum levels was 4 and 7 d for P. pungitius and C. inconstans, respectively. In the field, minimum buoyancy levels were not reached because fish were exposed to weak current velocities for short intervals. The ability to reduce swim bladder lift (volume) in strong velocities and replace it with hydrodynamic lift and vice versa is seen as an adaptation to environments where water velocity varies in time and space permitting fishes to use the most effective source of lift.

Salinity tolerance of brook sticklebacks, Culaea inconstans, freshwater ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius, and freshwater fourspine sticklebacks, Apeltes quadracus

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Culaea Inconstans ◽  
Freshwater Habitat ◽  
Lower Salinity ◽  
Light Duration ◽  
Apeltes Quadracus ◽  
Notemigonus Crysoleucas

The salinity tolerance of brook sticklebacks, Culaea inconstans, freshwater ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius, and freshwater fourspine sticklebacks, Apeltes quadracus, was studied and compared with the tolerance of Pimephales promelas, Notemigonus crysoleucas, and Umbra limi by increasing the salinity in steps of 10% seawater (3.5‰) at regular intervals. Culaea had a significantly lower salinity tolerance than Pungitius and Apeltes but had a significantly higher salinity tolerance than Pimephales, Notemigonus, and Umbra. Culaea recovered when returned to fresh water after an abrupt transfer to 100% seawater for 1.75 h or less. In Culaea, temperature had an effect on salinity tolerance but neither light duration nor acclimation in 20% seawater could be shown to have any effect. Apeltes had a significantly higher salinity tolerance than Pungitius at 8 °C but not at 16 °C. At 16 °C most feeding and fanning activity ceased at 60%, 80%, and 110% seawater, in Culaea, Pungitius, and Apeltes, respectively. In the Gasterosteidae the order of decreasing salinity tolerance and increasing utilization of the freshwater habitat is as Follows: Spinachia, Apeltes, Gasterosteus, Pungitius, and Culaea.

scholarly journals Content of inorganic solutes in lettuce grown with brackish water in different hydroponic systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alide M. W. Cova ◽  
Fabio T. O. de Freitas ◽  
Paula C. Viana ◽  
Maria R. S. Rafael ◽  
André D. de Azevedo Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Hydroponic Systems ◽  
Inorganic Solutes

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and accumulation of ions in lettuce grown in different hydroponic systems and recirculation frequencies. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 8 treatments and 4 replicates. The evaluated hydroponic systems were Nutrient Flow Technique (NFT) and an adapted Deep Flow Technique (DFT), the latter with recirculation frequencies of 0.25, 2 and 4 h. Both systems used fresh water and brackish water. Plant growth, accumulation of inorganic solutes (Na+, K+, Cl- and NO3-) and the correlation between dry matter production and Na+/K+ and Cl-/NO3- were evaluated. The salinity of the water used to prepare the nutrient solution caused decrease in growth and K+ and NO3- levels, and increased contents of Na+ and Cl- in the plants. When using fresh water the highest dry matter production was obtained in the NFT system. In case of brackish water the adapted DFT system increased the production, in relation to NFT system (at same recirculation frequency: 0.25 h). It was found that the choice of the type of hydroponic system and recirculation interval for the cultivation of lettuce depends on the quality of the water used to prepare the nutrient solution.

XII.—The Brackish-water Lochs of North Uist

1937 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 169-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water

About the year 1695 Martin Martin visited the Hebrides, and of the Island of North Uist he writes, “There is such a number of fresh water lakes here as can hardly be believed. … They are generally well stocked with trout and eels and some of them with salmon, and, which is yet more strange, cod, ling, mackerel, etc., are taken in these lakes into which they are brought by the spring tides.” This old reference suggested that the brackish-water fauna of the Hebrides might be of considerable interest and extent. Consequently I spent part of the summers of 1933 and 1935 in North Uist in order to study the fauna of the lochs and the conditions under which the animals were living.

Assessing the effects of positive buoyancy on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) held in gas supersaturated water

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Shrimpton ◽  
D. J. Randall ◽  
L. E. Fidler
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Bladder Pressure ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
The Impact

We examined the effects of swim bladder overinflation associated with dissolved gas supersaturation on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The change in swim bladder volume with increased swim bladder pressure was measured in fish subjected to a decrease in ambient pressure. An expansion of swim bladder volume occurs that is related to the excess swim bladder pressure. The volume change results in a decrease in density and positive buoyancy in the fish. Small fish are adversely affected when exposed to gas supersaturated water because of the high swim bladder pressure required to force gas out the pneumatic duct. Changes in behaviour and depth distribution of fish held in gas supersaturated water were measured in a 2 m deep observation column. A large change in density caused small fish to increase depth and compensate for the swim bladder expansion. Although swim bladder inflation occurs for all sizes of trout held in gas supersaturated water, the impact is greatest for small fish and they must compensate by seeking depth. However, adequate depth to compensate for positive buoyancy may not always exist. In such a case, fish must swim continuously in a head down position to overcome excess buoyancy. The power necessary for a fish to swim with an overinflated swim bladder is greatest for small fish that show the largest change in density.

Evaluation of acute toxicity of zinc, lead and cadmium to zooplanktonic community in upper Berach river system, Rajasthan, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Nadim Chishty ◽  
Anil Tripathi ◽  
Madhusudan Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
River System ◽  
Daphnia Lumholtzi ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Static Bioassay

Current study investigated through static bioassay, the acute toxicity of Zinc,Lead and Cadmium to fresh water zooplankters in the upper Berach riversystem which is a part of Gangetic river system. The river basin stretchesfrom Madar tank to Sarjana tank with a total length of 46 Km, including ninewater bodies i.e. Bada madar tank (73‹36f0ffE and 24‹38f0hN ), Chhotamadar tank, Fateh sagar lake, Udaisagar lake, Up]stream pond (Bichhdi]I),Down]stream pond(Bichhdi]II), Gadwa, Daroli and Sarjana tank (73‹ 57f10hEand 24‹14f30h N). Whole zooplanktonic communities were exposed to different heavy metal stresses. Exposed zooplanktonic community included nine planktonic forms i.e. Heliodiaptomus viduus, Mesocyclops hyalinus, Heterocypris, Daphnia lumholtzi, Moina, Brachionus, Monostyla, Filinia. Cadmium was found to be most toxic and Zinc was least toxic to zooplankton. Ostracods and Cyclops were resistant forms and rotifers were sensitive forms in relation to metallic exposure. Sensitivity pattern observed during laboratory experiments was found to be in accordance with biodiversity variation of zooplankton in different ponds of Berach river system.

Application of geothermal energy for heating and fresh water production in a brackish water greenhouse desalination unit: A case study from Algeria

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 512-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hacene Mahmoudi ◽  
Nawel Spahis ◽  
Mattheus F. Goosen ◽  
Noreddine Ghaffour ◽  
Nadjib Drouiche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Water Production

scholarly journals Response of Water-Salt Migration to Brackish Water Irrigation with Different Irrigation Intervals and Sequences

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu ◽  
Yang ◽  
Sun ◽  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Laboratory Simulation ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soil Desalination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Establishing methods for scientific and rational use of brackish water resources is the key to farmland irrigation in the Yellow River Delta region of China. In this study, we conducted laboratory simulation experiments with soil columns and monitored the changes in water infiltration and salt distribution under eight irrigation treatments, including four intervals (0, 30, 60, and 90 min between irrigations) and two sequences (brackish-brackish-fresh water and brackish-fresh-brackish water). The results showed that the duration of water infiltration into the soil was higher under intermittent irrigation than continuous irrigation, with the highest value recorded at the 90-min irrigation interval. There was no significant difference in the mean soil water content between the brackish-brackish-fresh water (28.01–29.71%) and brackish-fresh-brackish water (28.85–29.98%) irrigation treatments. However, the mean soil desalination rate of the brackish-brackish-fresh irrigation treatment (42.51–46.83%) was higher than that of the brackish-fresh-brackish irrigation treatment (39.48–46.47%), and a much higher soil desalination rate was observed at the 90-min irrigation interval, compared with the other intervals. In conclusion, brackish-brackish-fresh water irrigation at longer time intervals (e.g., 90 min between irrigations) is conducive to reduce soil salt content in the surface soil in the study region.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Gammarus Species in Estuaries. Part I

1947 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Spooner
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Bottom Fauna ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
The Status ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Water Species

The work of which an account is here given was largely carried out from the autumn of 1937 to the spring of 1940, when it was interrupted by the war. In taking it up again (in July 1945) while, facilities for field work are still limited, the author feels it useful to publish results as they stand and indicate where further work is considered advisable.In examinations of the free-swimming bottom fauna of the Tamar and other estuaries, attention was inevitably drawn to the populations of Gammarus species, which make up the greater bulk of it. Before quantitative observations were planned, some interesting points came to light with regard to the qualitative composition of populations. This aspect lent itself more readily to study and, though byno means a new field for exploration, soon proved worth examining ingreater detail than previous workers had attempted.The broad fact of a replacement of one Gammarus species by another in passing up an estuary was well enough known, though exact knowledge for the British Isles only starts from the time when G. zaddachi Sexton was recognized as a regular member of the upper estuarine fauna of the Tay (Bassindale, 1933; Alexander, Southgate & Bassindale, 1935) and of the Deben (Serventy, 1935). This species proved to be the main brackish-water species overlapping with the marine G. locusta (L.) near the seaward end, and with the fresh-water G. pulex (L.) at the river end (or ‘head’) of the estuary. The status in estuaries of two other brackish-water species, G. duebeni Lillj. and G. chevreuxi Sexton, remained obscure.

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