EFFECTS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ZEBRAFISH, BRACHYDANIO RERIO

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Anderson ◽  
H. I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Present Concept ◽  
Optic Cup

Fertilized eggs of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, were subjected at 26 °C to three concentrations of chloramphenicol, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 mg/ml, at seven developmental stages ranging from cleavage to optic cup formation for periods of 12, 24, and 36 h. Subsequently, they were transferred to aquarial water to complete 48 h of development. Most extreme anomalies were induced by chloramphenicol in eggs initially subjected during cleavage and blastulation and less extreme anomalies in eggs exposed during or after gastrulation. In addition to general retardation of development, anomalies of the nervous, muscular, and vascular systems were induced. A unique type of spina bifida was of frequent occurrence. The teratogenic responses of the zebrafish egg are discussed in relation to the present concept of the mode of action of this antibiotic.

An immunological study of the embryonic stages of the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio. I. Prehatching-stage antigenic patterns

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Laale ◽  
Peter Yin-Hong Law
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Immunological Study ◽  
Zebra Fish ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Optic Cup ◽  
Embryonic Shield

Seven developmental stages of the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio, namely, ovary, cleavage, high blastula, midgastrula, embryonic shield (11–12 h), optic cup, and hatching stages were analyzed by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with unabsorbed and absorbed rabbit antisera to five prehatching developmental stages. The precipitin bands are discussed.

scholarly journals Breeding biology of guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1859) in the laboratory

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Md Shahjahan ◽  
Md Jubayer Ahmed ◽  
Rowshan Ara Begum ◽  
Md Abdur Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Optic Cup ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Egg Diameter ◽  
Guppy Fish

The breeding biology of guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata (Cyprinodontiformes: Poiciliidae) was studied during March 2008 to May 2009 in ‘Zoological garden laboratory’, Curzon Hall campus, Dhaka University. Guppy bred all over the year except in the winter months December and January with a peak period in July. They were viviparous and multiple breeders, i.e., give birth to fry several times in the breeding season. The mean egg diameter was measured to be (1.02±0.08mm) and fecundity was estimated (40-89) per gram of body weight. The gestation period ranged 25-35 days with an average of 28.1±2.12 days. Developmental stages observed under a compound microscope were classified based on the changes in the developing eye, such as optic cup, early-eyed, middle-eyed, late-eyed, very late-eyed etc. It was noticed that tail portion comes out first at birth. The number of fry per brood ranged from 12 to 60. New born fries were observed with transparent or blackish in colour having slender body with jaws developed on mouth and were fully capable of swimming, eating, and avoiding danger. Guppy grew rapidly, attained sexual maturity at 8 -10 weeks and reached full size in 6 months. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v39i2.17866 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 39(2): 259-267, December 2013

An immunological study of the embryonic stages of the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio. II. Hatching-stage antigenic patterns

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Yin-Hong Law ◽  
Hans Laale
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Immunological Study ◽  
Zebra Fish ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio

Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion analyses were performed on the supernates of seven developmental stages of the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio. The analytical agents were unabsorbed rabbit antiserum against hatching-stage extract, rabbit antisera against all stages (except ovary) absorbed with hatching-stage extract, and rabbit antiserum against hatching-stage extract absorbed respectively with extracts from each developmental stage (except ovary).The results are discussed and compared to the prehatching antigenic patterns reported for Brachydanio rerio.

Mobilisation of carbohydrates during germination of spores of Onoclea sensibilis L.

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
Leslie R. Towill
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Onoclea Sensibilis

SynopsisA high percentage of germination of Onoclea sensibilis L. spores is initiated by a low fluence of red light while imbibed but unirradiated spores exhibit a very low percentage of germination. Onoclea spores contain lipid, protein and sucrose reserves. Sucrose is degraded and starch is synthesised during germination while lipid reserves are mobilised during early gametophytic development. The amount of protein remains constant during both developmental stages. There is very little detectable mobilisation of any of the reserves in the imbibed but ungerminating spores maintained in the dark for up to 18 days. Sucrose degradation and starch synthesis are not interrelated because photoenhanced sucrose degradation can occur without starch synthesis and photoinduction of starch synthesis can occur without sucrose degradation. Evidence is presented to suggest that the mode of action of light in enhancing starch synthesis is to increase the availability of a starch precursor rather than the activities of starch synthesising enzymes. Sucrose may be mobilised after irradiation because it becomes accessible to the sucrose degrading enzymes which are in abundance in the spores.

scholarly journals Effect Toxic and Behavioral of Annona mucosa (Annonaceae) on the Tomato Leaf Miner

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Jeniffer S. Q. Bastos ◽  
Mônica J. B. Pereira ◽  
Marilza S. Costa ◽  
Leonardo M. Turchen ◽  
Daniela O. Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tomato Leaf Miner ◽  
Couples Treatment ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is considered a pest with high destructive potencial and its control depends mainly on successive applications of insecticides. Therefore, new alternatives for the control of the tomato leaf miner using plants with insecticidal potential have been examined. This study was aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of Annona mucosa extract on the developmental stages of T. absoluta. Larval survival bioassay was performed in which newly-hatched caterpillars were inoculated in tomato leaflets sprayed with A. mucosa extract in the LC50 and LC90 treatments and the insecticidal controls chlorfenapyr, methanol, and water. To identify the mode of action of the extract in caterpillars, histological analyzes of the integument and gut were carried out. To evaluate ovicidal activity and oviposition repellency, only the LC50 treatment and controls (water and methanol) were carried out. In the ovicidal bioassay 75 eggs/treatment were used, and for the oviposition repellency, 10 couples/treatment, with 10 replicates. In the larval survival bioassay, a significant difference among survival curves, and the crude extract of A. mucosa significantly reduced the survival of T. absoluta caterpillars. The mode of action of the extract occurred by contact and ingestion, as indicated by changes in the integument and gut. The extract of A. mucosa also interfered in the embryonic development of T. absoluta, with a viability of more than 90% of the eggs. Regarding the behavioral effect, the extract reduced oviposition rates of T. absoluta females. Thus, A. mucosa extract had toxic effects on the different stages of pest development.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of the HD-ZIP Gene Family in Response to Salt Stress in Pepper

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Zhongrong Zhang ◽  
Ranran Zhu ◽  
Xuehua Ji ◽  
Hui Ji Li ◽  
Hui Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Zip Family

HD-ZIP is a unique type of transcription factor in plants, which are closely linked to the regulation of plant growth and development, the response to abiotic stress, and disease resistance. However, there is little known about the HD-ZIP gene family of pepper. In this study, 40 HD-ZIP family members were analyzed in the pepper genome. The analysis indicated that the introns number of Ca-HD-ZIP varied from 1 to 17; the number of amino acids was between 119 and 841; the theoretical isoelectric point was between 4.54 and 9.85; the molecular weight was between 14.04 and 92.56; most of them were unstable proteins. The phylogenetic tree divided CaHD-ZIP into 4 subfamilies; 40 CaHD-ZIP genes were located on different chromosomes, and all of them contained the motif 1; two pairs of CaHD-ZIP parallel genes of six paralogism genes were fragment duplications which occurred in 58.28~88.24 million years ago. There were multiple pressure-related action elements upstream of the start codon of the HD-Z-IP family. Protein interaction network proved to be coexpression phenomenon between ATML1 (CaH-DZ22, CaHDZ32) and At4g048909 (CaHDZ12, CaHDZ31), and three regions of them were highly homology. The expression level of CaHD-ZIP gene was different with tissues and developmental stages, which suggested that CaHD-ZIP may be involved in biological functions during pepper progress. In addition, Pepper HD-ZIP I and II genes played a major role in salt stress. CaHDZ03, CaHDZ 10, CaHDZ17, CaHDZ25, CaHDZ34, and CaHDZ35 were significantly induced in response to salt stress. Notably, the expression of CaHDZ07, CaHDZ17, CaHDZ26, and CaHDZ30, homologs of Arabidopsis AtHB12 and AtHB7 genes, was significantly upregulated by salt stresses. CaHDZ03 possesses two closely linked ABA action elements, and its expression level increased significantly at 4 h under salt stress. qRT-P-CR and transcription analysis showed that the expression of CaHDZ03 and CaHDZ10 was upregulated under short-term salt stress, but CaHDZ10 was downregulated with long-term salt stress, which provided a theoretical basis for research the function of Ca-HDZIP in response to abiotic stress.

scholarly journals Il suffisso verbale -yva-/-iva- in testi slavo-orientali dei secoli XI-XIV

2016 ◽  
pp. 261-277
Author(s):  
Luisa Ruvoletto
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Verbal Aspect

The article focuses on the main uses of secondary imperfective verbs with the suffix -yva-/-iva- in Early East Slavic texts dated 11th-14th centuries. The verbs with this suffix are used in all different contexts where the imperfective verbal aspect is required. The examples from the texts show a more frequent occurrence of the verbal forms with the suffix in dialogues, that is in passages involving oral communication contexts. Only in the later centuries the suffix will also take the particular function of expressing the “iterative mode of action” (iterativnyj sposob dejstvija).

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomics indicates endogenous differences in detoxification capacity after formic acid treatment between honey bees and varroa mites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Genath ◽  
Soroush Sharbati ◽  
Benjamin Buer ◽  
Ralf Nauen ◽  
Ralf Einspanier
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Current View ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Varroa Mites ◽  
Formyltetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase

AbstractFormic acid (FA) has been used for decades to control Varroa destructor, one of the most important parasites of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. The rather unselective molecular mode of action of FA and its possible effects on honeybees have long been a concern of beekeepers, as it has undesirable side effects that affect the health of bee colonies. This study focuses on short-term transcriptomic changes as analysed by RNAseq in both larval and adult honey bees and in mites after FA treatment under applied conditions. Our study aims to identify those genes in honey bees and varroa mites differentially expressed upon a typical FA hive exposure scenario. Five detoxification-related genes were identified with significantly enhanced and one gene with significantly decreased expression under FA exposure. Regulated genes in our test setting included members of various cytochrome P450 subfamilies, a flavin-dependent monooxygenase and a cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH), known to be involved in formate metabolism in mammals. We were able to detect differences in the regulation of detoxification-associated genes between mites and honey bees as well as between the two different developmental stages of the honey bee. Additionally, we detected repressed regulation of Varroa genes involved in cellular respiration, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction and supporting the current view on the mode of action of FA—inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. This study shows distinct cellular effects induced by FA on the global transcriptome of both host and parasite in comparison. Our expression data might help to identify possible differences in the affected metabolic pathways and thus make a first contribution to elucidate the mode of detoxification of FA.

Neonatal Animal Models: Experimental Anencephaly and Similarities to Spina Bifida

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-1009
Author(s):  
Michael T. Smith ◽  
L. R. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Neural Tubes ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Autopsy Specimens

Anencephaly and spina bifida are the two most common neural tube defects (NTDs) that occur in humans. They cause considerable fetal wastage and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Numerous animal models have been discovered and have been used to study these malformations. We used the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to compare the development of embryonic stages of spina bifida and anencephaly. Pregnant 180 g Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a 1 ml subcutaneous injection of 1% trypan blue on gestational days 7-8 or an intragastric administration of 75,000 units of vitamin A on gestational days 8-10 to produce embryos with spina bifida or anencephaly. Controls were given vehicle only. The SEM examination of day 9 and 10 embryos revealed no morphologic differences between controls and subjects. Subsequent gestational days showed closure of neural tubes in controls but progressive opening of neural tubes (in the rostral and caudal regions) in experimental subjects. Growth of the dysmorphic neural tube region with subsequent sponteneous necrosis late in gestation resulted in the mature malformations of anencephaly and spina bifida. This study emphasizes the similarities in the developmental stages of spina bifida and anencephaly. We also surveyed a large series of human anencephalic autopsy specimens and noted striking similarities to the animal model.

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