Mobilisation of carbohydrates during germination of spores of Onoclea sensibilis L.

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
Leslie R. Towill
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Onoclea Sensibilis

SynopsisA high percentage of germination of Onoclea sensibilis L. spores is initiated by a low fluence of red light while imbibed but unirradiated spores exhibit a very low percentage of germination. Onoclea spores contain lipid, protein and sucrose reserves. Sucrose is degraded and starch is synthesised during germination while lipid reserves are mobilised during early gametophytic development. The amount of protein remains constant during both developmental stages. There is very little detectable mobilisation of any of the reserves in the imbibed but ungerminating spores maintained in the dark for up to 18 days. Sucrose degradation and starch synthesis are not interrelated because photoenhanced sucrose degradation can occur without starch synthesis and photoinduction of starch synthesis can occur without sucrose degradation. Evidence is presented to suggest that the mode of action of light in enhancing starch synthesis is to increase the availability of a starch precursor rather than the activities of starch synthesising enzymes. Sucrose may be mobilised after irradiation because it becomes accessible to the sucrose degrading enzymes which are in abundance in the spores.

Mode of action of the xylan-degrading enzymes from Aspergillus awamori on alkali-extractable cereal arabinoxylans

1993 ◽  
Vol 249 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix J.M. Kormelink ◽  
Harry Gruppen ◽  
Remco J. Viëtor ◽  
Alphons G.J. Voragen
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Aspergillus Awamori ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Cereal Arabinoxylans

scholarly journals Effect Toxic and Behavioral of Annona mucosa (Annonaceae) on the Tomato Leaf Miner

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Jeniffer S. Q. Bastos ◽  
Mônica J. B. Pereira ◽  
Marilza S. Costa ◽  
Leonardo M. Turchen ◽  
Daniela O. Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tomato Leaf Miner ◽  
Couples Treatment ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is considered a pest with high destructive potencial and its control depends mainly on successive applications of insecticides. Therefore, new alternatives for the control of the tomato leaf miner using plants with insecticidal potential have been examined. This study was aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of Annona mucosa extract on the developmental stages of T. absoluta. Larval survival bioassay was performed in which newly-hatched caterpillars were inoculated in tomato leaflets sprayed with A. mucosa extract in the LC50 and LC90 treatments and the insecticidal controls chlorfenapyr, methanol, and water. To identify the mode of action of the extract in caterpillars, histological analyzes of the integument and gut were carried out. To evaluate ovicidal activity and oviposition repellency, only the LC50 treatment and controls (water and methanol) were carried out. In the ovicidal bioassay 75 eggs/treatment were used, and for the oviposition repellency, 10 couples/treatment, with 10 replicates. In the larval survival bioassay, a significant difference among survival curves, and the crude extract of A. mucosa significantly reduced the survival of T. absoluta caterpillars. The mode of action of the extract occurred by contact and ingestion, as indicated by changes in the integument and gut. The extract of A. mucosa also interfered in the embryonic development of T. absoluta, with a viability of more than 90% of the eggs. Regarding the behavioral effect, the extract reduced oviposition rates of T. absoluta females. Thus, A. mucosa extract had toxic effects on the different stages of pest development.

scholarly journals Comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to construct a model for the promotion of starch synthesis by ABA in Euryale ferox Salisb. seeds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Wu ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Xian Liu ◽  
Xu Xu ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Euryale Ferox ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract Background: Euryale ferox Salisb. is an annual aquatic herb and the only species belonging to the genus Euryale in the Nymphaeaceae family. E. ferox seeds are used in medicine and diets. Starch is the main factor affecting E. ferox seed quality, but its regulatory mechanism has not been elucidated. Results: Herein, four time points of seed development, including after flowering T1 (10 days), T2 (20 days), T3 (30 days) and T4 (40 days), were investigated by using RNA-Seq and iTRAQ technology. Using weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNAs), co-expressed genes and hub genes were identified for each module. Of particular importance are the discoveries of specific modules for seed starch during the seed developmental stages. The candidate regulators of seed starch are involved in the hormonal signaling pathways. Three ABA signaling receptor kinases, EfPYR1, EfSnRK2.1 and EfSnRK2.2, were identified as hub genes functioning in starch synthesis during the seed maturation process. The changes in expression pattern, ABA and starch content also indicated that ABA is positively correlated with starch. Conclusions: Together, these results indicate that E. ferox seed accumulation of starch is promoted by ABA, providing new insights into the regulatory mechanism of starch synthesis in E. ferox seeds.

scholarly journals Comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to construct a new model for the promotion of starch synthesis by ABA in Euryale ferox Salisb. seeds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Wu ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Xian Liu ◽  
Xu Xu ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Euryale Ferox ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract Background: Euryale ferox Salisb. is an annual aquatic herb and the only species belonging to the genus Euryale in the Nymphaeaceae family. E. ferox seeds are used in medicine and diet s. Starch is the main factor affecting E. ferox seed quality, but its regulatory mechanism has not been elucidated. Results: Herein, four time points of seed development, including after flowering T1 (10 days), T2 (20 days), T3 (30 days) and T4 (40 days), were investigated by using RNA-Seq and iTRAQ technology. Using weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNAs), co-expressed genes and hub genes were identified for each module. Of particular importance are the discoveries of specific modules for seed starch during the seed developmental stages. The candidate regulators of seed starch are involved in the hormonal signaling pathways. Three ABA signaling receptor kinases, EfPYR1, EfSnRK2.1 and EfSnRK2.2 , were identified as hub genes functioning in starch synthesis during the seed maturation process. The changes in expression pattern, ABA and starch content also indicated that ABA is positively correlated with starch. Conclusions: Together, these results indicate that E. ferox seed accumulation of starch is promoted by ABA, providing new insights into the regulatory mechanism of starch synthesis in E. ferox seeds.

Transciptome Analysis Molecular Mechanism of Starch Synthesis During Tuber Development in Chinese Yam (Dioscorea opposita)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-597
Author(s):  
Yanfang Zhang ◽  
Shuchun Guo ◽  
Ying Shao ◽  
Lingmin Zhao ◽  
Linan Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Tuber Development ◽  
Synthesis Mechanism ◽  
Dioscorea Opposita ◽  
Genes Encoding

Yam (Dioscorea opposita) is a kind of vegetables with important nutritional, medicinal and economic value. To reveal the relationship between starch synthesis and gene expression in yam tubers at gene transcription level, transcriptome profiling was conducted by RNA-Seq in Bikeqi yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) tubers at five key developmental stages (105, 120, 135, 150, and 165 days after sowing, DAS). Based on transcriptome sequencing data, a total of 45,867 unigenes were obtained. The results showed that 135 days after sowing are the key period of starch accumulation. During yam tuber development, 1,941 candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were successfully classified into three GO categories, respectively, and there were 292, 267 and 478 unigenes in cellular component, molecular function and biological process. There were 767, 90 and 73 DEGs enriched in metabolic, plant hormone signal transduction and Plant-pathogen interaction pathway by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), individually. Especially 72 DEGs were enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. In this pathway, the metabolic process was mainly positive regulated by genes encoding sucrose synthase, glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, alpha-trehalase, and so on. There was negative regulated by genes encoding beta-glucosidase. 10 DEGs involved in starch synthesis were selected to prove the accuracy of the RNA-Seq data by qPCR, 85% (34/40) of the results were consistent. The results lay a theoretical foundation be used for further understanding the starch synthesis mechanism of yam tubers development and accelerating breeding progress.

scholarly journals Regulation of Photomorphogenic Development by Plant Phytochromes

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharanya Tripathi ◽  
Quyen T. N. Hoang ◽  
Yun-Jeong Han ◽  
Jeong-Il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Light Signals ◽  
Key Events

Photomorphogenesis and skotomorphogenesis are two key events that control plant development, from seed germination to flowering and senescence. A group of wavelength-specific photoreceptors, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and various transcription factors work together to regulate these two critical processes. Phytochromes are the main photoreceptors in plants for perceiving red/far-red light and transducing the light signals to downstream factors that regulate the gene expression network for photomorphogenic development. In this review, we highlight key developmental stages in the life cycle of plants and how phytochromes and other components in the phytochrome signaling pathway play roles in plant growth and development.

scholarly journals Non-invasive red-light optogenetic control of Drosophila cardiac function

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Men ◽  
Airong Li ◽  
Jason Jerwick ◽  
Zilong Li ◽  
Rudolph E. Tanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Excitation Light ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Recovery Dynamics

AbstractDrosophila is a powerful genetic model system for cardiovascular studies. Recently, optogenetic pacing tools have been developed to control Drosophila heart rhythm noninvasively with blue light, which has a limited penetration depth. Here we developed both a red-light sensitive opsin expressing Drosophila system and an integrated red-light stimulation and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) imaging system. We demonstrated noninvasive control of Drosophila cardiac rhythms using a single light source, including simulated tachycardia in ReaChR-expressing flies and bradycardia and cardiac arrest in halorhodopsin (NpHR)-expressing flies at multiple developmental stages. By using red excitation light, we were able to pace flies at higher efficiency and with lower power than with equivalent blue light excitation systems. The recovery dynamics after red-light stimulation of NpHR flies were observed and quantified. The combination of red-light stimulation, OCM imaging, and transgenic Drosophila systems provides a promising and easily manipulated research platform for noninvasive cardiac optogenetic studies.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomics indicates endogenous differences in detoxification capacity after formic acid treatment between honey bees and varroa mites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Genath ◽  
Soroush Sharbati ◽  
Benjamin Buer ◽  
Ralf Nauen ◽  
Ralf Einspanier
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Current View ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Varroa Mites ◽  
Formyltetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase

AbstractFormic acid (FA) has been used for decades to control Varroa destructor, one of the most important parasites of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. The rather unselective molecular mode of action of FA and its possible effects on honeybees have long been a concern of beekeepers, as it has undesirable side effects that affect the health of bee colonies. This study focuses on short-term transcriptomic changes as analysed by RNAseq in both larval and adult honey bees and in mites after FA treatment under applied conditions. Our study aims to identify those genes in honey bees and varroa mites differentially expressed upon a typical FA hive exposure scenario. Five detoxification-related genes were identified with significantly enhanced and one gene with significantly decreased expression under FA exposure. Regulated genes in our test setting included members of various cytochrome P450 subfamilies, a flavin-dependent monooxygenase and a cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH), known to be involved in formate metabolism in mammals. We were able to detect differences in the regulation of detoxification-associated genes between mites and honey bees as well as between the two different developmental stages of the honey bee. Additionally, we detected repressed regulation of Varroa genes involved in cellular respiration, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction and supporting the current view on the mode of action of FA—inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. This study shows distinct cellular effects induced by FA on the global transcriptome of both host and parasite in comparison. Our expression data might help to identify possible differences in the affected metabolic pathways and thus make a first contribution to elucidate the mode of detoxification of FA.

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