GROSS ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND RETROCEREBRAL COMPLEX OF ADULT LIOCORIS UNCTUOSUS KELTON (HEMIPTERA:MIRIDAE)

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Ewen
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Common Center

The gross anatomy of the central nervous system and retrocerebral complex of adult Liocoris unctuosus is described and figured. There are three ventral ganglia; the suboesophageal and first thoracic ganglia are separate, while the second and third thoracic are fused with the abdominal ganglia into a common center. Innervation of the reproductive organs in the male is described. The retrocerebral complex consists of the hypocerebral ganglion, paired corpora paracardiaca, and a single corpus allatum, and their associated nerves.

The Co-Ordination of Insect Movements

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-333
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Normal Movement ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Blatta Orientalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Leg Movements

I. The effects of limb amputation and the cutting of commissures on the movements of the cockroach Blatta orientalis have been investigated with the aid of cinematography. Detailed analyses of changes in posture and rhythm of leg movements are given. 2. It is shown that quite marked changes occur following the amputation of a single leg or the cutting of a single commissure between the thoracic ganglia. 3. Changes following the amputation of a single leg are immediate and are such that the support normally provided by the missing leg is taken over by the two remaining legs on that side. Compensatory movements are also found in the contralateral legs. 4. When two legs of opposite sides are amputated it has been confirmed that the diagonal sequence tends to be adopted, but this is not invariably true. Besides alterations in the rhythm which this may involve, there are again adaptive modifications in the movements of the limbs with respect to the body. 5. When both comrnissures between the meso- and metathoracic ganglia are cut, the hind pair of legs fall out of rhythm with the other four legs. The observations on the effects of cutting commissures stress the importance of intersegmental pathways in co-ordination. 6. It is shown that all modifications following the amputation of legs may be related to the altered mechanical conditions. Some of the important factors involved in normal co-ordination are discussed, and it is suggested that the altered movements would be produced by the operation of these factors under the new conditions. It is concluded that the sensory inflow to the central nervous system is of major importance in the co-ordination of normal movement.

The Functions of the Corpus Allatum in Rhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera)

1948 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Two factors are involved in the control of metamorphosis in Rhodnius: (a) The corpus allatum of the 5th-stage nymph no longer secretes the juvenile hormone (inhibitory hormone). The latent imaginal characters can thus be realized. (b) The corpus allatum in the 5th-stage nymph, particularly in the later stages of moulting, actively favours the production of imaginal characters. The evidence suggests that this activity (b) consists, not in the secretion of a metamorphosis promoting hormone favouring adult differentiation in the tissues directly, but in the elimination of the small quantities of juvenile hormone persisting in the blood and tissues. If we suppose that these two factors differ in relative importance in different insects we may perhaps have the basis for a theory of metamorphosis applicable to all groups of insects. The corpus allatum of the mature adult Rhodnius again begins to secrete the juvenile hormone; and the juvenile hormone of the 4th-stage nymph will induce egg development in the adult female. It is probable that the yolk-forming hormone and the juvenile hormone are identical. The sequence in the secretory activities of the corpus allatum, and so the number of instars, is controlled by some other centre, perhaps in the central nervous system.

Novel dissection of the central nervous system to bridge gross anatomy and neuroscience for an integrated medical curriculum

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Hlavac ◽  
Rachel Klaus ◽  
Kourtney Betts ◽  
Shilo M. Smith ◽  
Maureen E. Stabio
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Immunoreactivity to the antiserum to the mammalian neuropeptide substance P in the central nervous system of the house fly, Musca domestica

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1392-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sivasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
Brain Lobe ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Localization of immunoreactivity to the antiserum to the mammalian neuropeptide substance P in the central nervous system of the house fly, Musca domestica, was investigated by immunocytochemical methods. In both the larva and the adult a total of 16 neurons reacted positively against substance P antiserum. Of these, 10 were in the brain and 6 in the thoracic ganglia. The neurons were arranged in bilateral pairs. In the larval nervous system each brain lobe contained a cluster of four pairs of immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal protocerebrum, and the subesophageal ganglion and each of the thoracic neuromeres contained one pair each. The adult nervous system possessed the same number of imunoreactive neurons with identical distribution within the subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. However, the position of the protocerebral neurons was slightly altered. The pattern of immunoreactive axonal processes as well as the very high immunoreactivity observed in the dorsal neural sheath of the adult thoracic ganglion suggest a neurohormonal–neuromodulator role for substance P in this insect.

The gross anatomy and histology of the nervous system of the metacestode of Hymenolepis microstoma

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney A. Webb ◽  
Kenneth G. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Hymenolepis Microstoma

The central nervous system of the metacestode of Hymenolepis microstoma consists of three levels of ganglia. The bilateral cerebral ganglia, joined by a broad transverse commissure, are situated posteriad to the outer rostellar capsule. The bilateral rostellar ganglia, joined by a medial transverse commissure and a dorsal and a ventral circular commissure, are situated between the inner and outer rostellar capsules. The single rostral ganglion is found within the inner rostellar capsule. Numerous nerves and connectives are given off from the various ganglia; the nerves innervate the tissues and organs of the scolex and presumptive neck of the metacestode. Histologically, the ganglia and large commissures consist of a rind of nerve cell bodies surrounding a compact core of neuropile. A delimiting sheath or capsule is not present. Glial tissue is absent. Muscle cells, tegumental cells, and flame cells may interdigitate with the nerve cells. The nerve cell bodies give off numerous neurites that pursue a tortuous course through the neuropile.

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