A cell arrangement specific to thoracic ganglia in the central nervous system of theDrosophila embryo: Its behaviour in homoeotic mutants

1981 ◽  
Vol 190 (6) ◽  
pp. 370-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jim�nez ◽  
J. A. Campos-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Cell Arrangement ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The Co-Ordination of Insect Movements

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-333
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Normal Movement ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Blatta Orientalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Leg Movements

I. The effects of limb amputation and the cutting of commissures on the movements of the cockroach Blatta orientalis have been investigated with the aid of cinematography. Detailed analyses of changes in posture and rhythm of leg movements are given. 2. It is shown that quite marked changes occur following the amputation of a single leg or the cutting of a single commissure between the thoracic ganglia. 3. Changes following the amputation of a single leg are immediate and are such that the support normally provided by the missing leg is taken over by the two remaining legs on that side. Compensatory movements are also found in the contralateral legs. 4. When two legs of opposite sides are amputated it has been confirmed that the diagonal sequence tends to be adopted, but this is not invariably true. Besides alterations in the rhythm which this may involve, there are again adaptive modifications in the movements of the limbs with respect to the body. 5. When both comrnissures between the meso- and metathoracic ganglia are cut, the hind pair of legs fall out of rhythm with the other four legs. The observations on the effects of cutting commissures stress the importance of intersegmental pathways in co-ordination. 6. It is shown that all modifications following the amputation of legs may be related to the altered mechanical conditions. Some of the important factors involved in normal co-ordination are discussed, and it is suggested that the altered movements would be produced by the operation of these factors under the new conditions. It is concluded that the sensory inflow to the central nervous system is of major importance in the co-ordination of normal movement.

scholarly journals The Interferon-Stimulated GeneIfi27l2aRestricts West Nile Virus Infection and Pathogenesis in a Cell-Type- and Region-Specific Manner

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 2600-2615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany M. Lucas ◽  
Justin M. Richner ◽  
Michael S. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACTThe mammalian host responds to viral infections by inducing expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). While the functional significance of many ISGs has yet to be determined, their cell type and temporal nature of expression suggest unique activities against specific pathogens. Using a combination of ectopic expression and gene silencing approaches in cell culture, we previously identifiedIfi27l2aas a candidate antiviral ISG within neuronal subsets of the central nervous system (CNS) that restricts infection by West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus of global concern. To investigate the physiological relevance of Ifi27l2a in the context of viral infection, we generatedIfi27l2a−/−mice. Although adult mice lackingIfi27l2awere more vulnerable to lethal WNV infection, the viral burden was greater only within the CNS, particularly in the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Within neurons of the cerebellum and brain stem, in the context of WNV infection, a deficiency of Ifi27l2a was associated with less cell death, which likely contributed to sustained viral replication and higher titers in these regions. Infection studies in a primary cell culture revealed thatIfi27l2a−/−cerebellar granule cell neurons and macrophages but not cerebral cortical neurons, embryonic fibroblasts, or dendritic cells sustained higher levels of WNV infection than wild-type cells and that this difference was greater under conditions of beta interferon (IFN-β) pretreatment. Collectively, these findings suggest that Ifi27l2a has an antiviral phenotype in subsets of cells and that at least some ISGs have specific inhibitory functions in restricted tissues.IMPORTANCEThe interferon-stimulatedIfi27l2agene is expressed differentially within the central nervous system upon interferon stimulation or viral infection. Prior studies in cell culture suggested an antiviral role for Ifi27l2a during infection by West Nile virus (WNV). To characterize its antiviral activityin vivo, we generated mice with a targeted gene deletion ofIfi27l2a. Based on extensive virological analyses, we determined that Ifi27l2a protects mice from WNV-induced mortality by contributing to the control of infection of the hindbrain and spinal cord, possibly by regulating cell death of neurons. This antiviral activity was validated in granule cell neurons derived from the cerebellum and in macrophages but was not observed in other cell types. Collectively, these data suggest that Ifi27l2a contributes to innate immune restriction of WNV in a cell-type- and tissue-specific manner.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF MYELIN SHEATHS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The development and structure of myelin sheaths have been studied in the optic nerves of rats and of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Both potassium permanganate- and osmium-fixed material was examined with the electron microscope. In the first stage of myelinogenesis the nerve fibre is surrounded by a cell process which envelops it and forms a mesaxon. The mesaxon then elongates into a loose spiral from which the cytoplasm is later excluded, so that compact myelin is formed. This process is similar to myelinogenesis in the peripheral nervous system, although in central fibres the cytoplasm on the outside of the myelin is confined in a tongue-like process to a fraction of the circumference, leaving the remainder of the sheath uncovered, so that contacts are possible between adjacent myelin sheaths. The structure of nodes in the central nervous system has been described and it is suggested that the oligodendrocytes may be the myelin-forming cells.

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND RETROCEREBRAL COMPLEX OF ADULT LIOCORIS UNCTUOSUS KELTON (HEMIPTERA:MIRIDAE)

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Ewen
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Common Center

The gross anatomy of the central nervous system and retrocerebral complex of adult Liocoris unctuosus is described and figured. There are three ventral ganglia; the suboesophageal and first thoracic ganglia are separate, while the second and third thoracic are fused with the abdominal ganglia into a common center. Innervation of the reproductive organs in the male is described. The retrocerebral complex consists of the hypocerebral ganglion, paired corpora paracardiaca, and a single corpus allatum, and their associated nerves.

scholarly journals XXVII.—On the Restoration of Co-ordinated Movements after Nerve Section

1900 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Spinal Root ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

From the point of view of its function, a nerve fibre is a conductor of nervous impulses, and as such is the path of communication between two structures, the one situated in the central nervous system, and the other in the periphery. In the mixed nerve, such as the sciatic, the nerve fibres are distinguished as afferent or as efferent, according as they conduct impulses originating at the periphery, and received by a cell in the central nervous system, or vice versâ. It has long since been shown that nerve fibres are capable of conducting impulses in either direction, but normally, from their anatomical connections, the individual nerve fibres are conductors for impulses only in the one or in the other direction. This is proved by the Wallerian method of investigation, as on severance of the posterior spinal root distal to the ganglion only certain fibres degenerate and the conductivity of the nerve only for afferent impulses is lost, while the severance of the anterior root is followed by the degeneration of the remainder with loss of functions depending on efferent impulses.

Overlapping and diverse distribution of Na–K ATPase isozymes in neurons and glia

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (S1) ◽  
pp. S255-S259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen J. Sweadner
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The Na–K ATPase is the plasma membrane enzyme that catalyzes the active uptake of K+ and extrusion of Na+, thereby establishing ion concentration gradients between the inside and outside of the cell. It consumes a large fraction of the energy used in the brain. The enzyme is present in both neurons and glia. Studies of ion flux and of the properties of membrane-associated ATPase activity have suggested that there is more than one functional type of Na–K ATPase in the central nervous system. Molecular cloning has demonstrated that there are three different genes encoding catalytic (α) subunits and at least two genes encoding glycoprotein (β) subunits; all are expressed in the brain. This brief review summarizes the current understanding of Na–K ATPase isozyme distribution and properties. Both neurons and glia can express different isoforms in a cell-specific manner.Key words: Na–K ATPase, monoclonal antibody, immunofluorescence, central nervous system, retina, in situ hybridization.

Immunoreactivity to the antiserum to the mammalian neuropeptide substance P in the central nervous system of the house fly, Musca domestica

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1392-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sivasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
Brain Lobe ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Localization of immunoreactivity to the antiserum to the mammalian neuropeptide substance P in the central nervous system of the house fly, Musca domestica, was investigated by immunocytochemical methods. In both the larva and the adult a total of 16 neurons reacted positively against substance P antiserum. Of these, 10 were in the brain and 6 in the thoracic ganglia. The neurons were arranged in bilateral pairs. In the larval nervous system each brain lobe contained a cluster of four pairs of immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal protocerebrum, and the subesophageal ganglion and each of the thoracic neuromeres contained one pair each. The adult nervous system possessed the same number of imunoreactive neurons with identical distribution within the subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. However, the position of the protocerebral neurons was slightly altered. The pattern of immunoreactive axonal processes as well as the very high immunoreactivity observed in the dorsal neural sheath of the adult thoracic ganglion suggest a neurohormonal–neuromodulator role for substance P in this insect.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid IgG and IgM indexes as indicators of active neurosyphilis.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Hische ◽  
J A Tutuarima ◽  
E C Wolters ◽  
L van Trotsenburg ◽  
R V van Eyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Matched Samples ◽  
Latent Syphilis

Abstract Serological and non-serological tests were performed in matched samples of cerebrospinal fluid and serum from 236 syphilitic patients. An increased IgG or IgM index, or both, was found about 70 times more often in symptomatic neurosyphilis than in latent syphilis without involvement of the central nervous system. An increased Ig index, together with a cell count greater than 5/microL, was only found in symptomatic neurosyphilis. Although the numbers of data are small, we conclude that the IgG and IgM indexes are valuable tests in the diagnosis of syphilitic involvement of the central nervous system.

A LOCUST WIND AND OCELLAR BRAIN NEURONE

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-294
Author(s):  
PETER SIMMONS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Median Ocellus ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. One of the large descending brain neurones in each half of the central nervous system of a locust is probably important in regulating the attitude of the locust's flight in the pitch plane. This function is suggested by a consideration of the stimuli which excite the interneurones, and of the muscles whose motoneurones they excite. 2. Each of these interneurones has its cell body in the protocerebrum and its axon descends the ipsilateral connective and has branches in all of the thoracic ganglia. 3. The interneurones are excited by currents of air directed at the front of the head. An increase in the intensity of light falling on the median ocellus causes a reduction in the frequency of spikes produced by stimulation of the wind-sensitive hairs, and a reduction in the intensity of this light causes an increase in the frequency of these spikes. 4. Each interneurone makes excitatory connexions with motoneurones of the subalar and dorsal longitudinal flight muscles ipsilateral to it.

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