THE LIFE CYCLE AND SEASONAL TRANSMISSION OF ORNITHOFILARIA FALLISENSIS ANDERSON, A PARASITE OF DOMESTIC AND WILD DUCKS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Seasonal Transmission ◽  
Black Duck ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
The Times

White Pekin ducklings kept outdoors in Algonquin Park, Ontario, frequently become infected with Ornithofilaria fallisensis. Ducklings exposed during the black-fly seasons in 1952–1955 became infected. The microfilaria of O. fallisensis developed to the infective stage in Simulium venustum Say, S. parnassum Mall., S. rugglesi Nicholson and Mickel, and various members of the subgenus Eusimulium identified as S. euryadminiculum Davies, S. croxtoni Nicholson and Mickel, and S. latipes Meigen. Only the last four species were found feeding naturally on the ducks in 1955. The microfilaria did not develop significantly in in several species of mosquitoes nor in Culicoides sp. Members of the subgenus Eusimulium were collected from ducks in 1955 only during the early part of the black-fly season whereas S. rugglesi was collected from May 26 to the middle of July. Ducklings exposed when these ornithophilic simulüds were active became infected and a consideration of the times after exposure at which microfilariae appeared in their blood indicates that members of Eusimulium were the vectors of O. fallisensis in the first part of the fly season and that S. rugglesi was the sole vector thereafter. The development of the microfilaria to the infective stage takes place in the haemocoele of the black fly and requires 7–14 days depending on the temperature. There are two molts during development and a "sausage-stage". Microfilariae appeared in the blood of three parasite-free ducklings 30–36 days after third-stage larvae were injected into them; adult worms were recovered from one of these birds. The microfilariae of O. fallisensis exhibit a diurnal periodicity. The courses of the microfilaremias of experimentally and naturally infected birds were compared. Re-exposure failed to alter the declining microfilaremias of ducks or to result in a reappearance of microfilariae in ducks from whose blood microfilariae had disappeared. Since parasite-free, adult ducks became infected during exposure, it is concluded that infected birds acquire an immunity to O. fallisensis. A few ducklings seemed to exhibit a natural resistance to infection. Adult O. fallisensis were found in a black duck (Anas rubripes) from Algonquin Park and it is suggested that these birds are the reservoirs of infection in the Park.

The occurrence, life cycle, and pathogenicity of Echinuria uncinata (Rudolphi, 1819) Soloviev, 1912 (Spirurida, Nematoda) in waterfowl at Delta, Manitoba

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Austin ◽  
H. E. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Gammarus Lacustris ◽  
Lesser Scaup ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Ceriodaphnia Reticulata ◽  
Sexually Mature

In the Delta Marsh, third-stage Echinuria uncinata juveniles were found in Daphnia magna, D. pulex, Simocephalus vetulus, and Gammarus lacustris. Daphnia magna, the major host, were found infected from late May to early November with a peak of 108 parasites per 100 Daphnia in early August. Experimentally, D. magna, D. pulex, Ceriodaphnia reticulata, C. acanthina, S. vetulus, Moina macrocopa, Eurycercus lamellatus, G. lacustris, Hyallela azteca, Chirocephalopsis bundyi, and Lynceus brachyurus became infected when exposed to E. uncinata eggs. Parasites developed to the infective stage in D. magna and D. pulex in 30 days at 15 °C and in 10 days at 20–24 °C.In mallard ducks, E. uncinata completed the fourth molt 20 days after infection; male worms were sexually mature after 30 days and females oviposited 40 days after infection. Parasites grew faster in 1-week-old Delta mallards than in 2- and 3-month-old birds. Adult nematodes were located beneath the mucosal layer at the junction of the proventriculus and gizzard where granulomas formed after 30 days. The number of granulomas was correlated with the number of parasites. Mallards, pintails, gadwalls, lesser scaup, common eiders, and domestic geese were more susceptible to Echinuria infection than were shovellers, blue-winged teal, redheads, ruddy ducks, and American coots. Parasite eggs died when frozen but 50% survived 85 days when dried on filter paper. Echinuria uncinata can survive winter in resident mallards.

Description of the pupa and redescription of the third instar of Phileurus valgus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4290 (3) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
MARIO G. IBARRA-POLESEL ◽  
NESTOR G. VALLE ◽  
JHON C. NEITA-MORENO ◽  
MIRYAM P. DAMBORSKY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
West Indies ◽  
New World ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage

Phileurus valgus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini) is a common species widely distributed from the southern United States to Argentina and the West Indies. In this work the immature stages are described and illustrated based on specimens from Argentina. A key to the known third-stage larvae of New World Phileurini species is provided and updated. Notes on the life cycle and natural history are also included. 

scholarly journals Influence of the Bcg Locus on Natural Resistance to Primary Infection with the Facultative Intracellular Bacterium Francisella tularensis in Mice

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1480-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Kovářová ◽  
Lenka Hernychová ◽  
Marián Hajdúch ◽  
M. Šírová ◽  
Aleš Macela
Keyword(s):  
Francisella Tularensis ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Oxygen Intermediates ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Resistance To Infection

ABSTRACT The implication of the Bcg locus in the control of natural resistance to infection with a live vaccine strain (LVS) of the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis was studied. Analysis of phenotypic expression of natural resistance and susceptibility was performed using mouse strains congenic at theBcg locus. Comparison of the kinetics of bacterial colonization of spleen showed that B10.A.Bcg(r) mice were extremely susceptible during early phases of primary sublethal infection, while their congenic C57BL/10N [Bcg(s)] counterparts could be classified as resistant to F. tularensis LVS infection according to the 2-log-lower bacterial CFU within the tissue as long as 5 days after infection. Different phenotypes of Bcg congenic mice were associated with differential expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10, and gamma interferon and production of reactive oxygen intermediates. These results strongly suggest that the Bcglocus, which is close or identical to the Nramp1 gene, controls natural resistance to infection by F. tularensisand that its effect is the opposite of that observed for otherBcg-controlled pathogens.

scholarly journals Standarisasi Halal Majelis Ulama Indonesia dalam Penyembelihan Ayam di Desa Kertawinangun Cirebon

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-72
Author(s):  
Afif Muamar ◽  
Juju Jumena
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Village

AbstractThis study aims to determine the process of slaughtering broilers in the village of Kertawinangun and the process of slaughtering according to the the Indonesian Ulema Council standard. This research is descriptive-analytical using qualitative methods. This research resulted in three things, first, the method of slaughtering and processing stages of broilers grouped into three stages, namely the stages in the preparation of chickens, slaughtering, and processing of chickens. And secondly, several factors influence consumer behavior related to halal slaughter, namely; 1) Cultural Factors, namely human behavior is largely determined by the culture that surrounds it, and its influence will always change every time by the times. 2) Social factors include family groups and role models. 3) Personal factors consisting of age and stages of the life cycle, economic conditions, lifestyle, and personality.

scholarly journals Experimental life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulcinéa Maria Barbosa Campos ◽  
Lindomar G. Freire Filha ◽  
Miguel Alípio Vieira ◽  
Julieta Machado Paçô ◽  
Moacir A. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Skeletal Musculature ◽  
Third Stage

The life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor was studied using material collected from human lesion and applying the experimental model: rodents (mice, hamsters), and carnivorae (cats, dogs). In mice given infective eggs, orally, hatch of the third stage larvae was noted in the gut wall, with migration to liver, lungs, skeletal musculature and subcutaneous tissue becoming, soon after, encysted. In cats infected with skinned carcasses of mice (60 to 235 days of infection) it was observed: hatch of third stage larvae from the nodules (cysts) in the stomach, migration through the oesophagus, pharynx, trachea, related tissues (rhino-oropharynx), and cervical lymphonodes developing to the mature stage in any of these sites on days 9-20 post inoculation (P.I.). There was no parasite development up to the mature stage in cats inoculated orally with infective eggs, which indicates that the life cycle of this parasite includes an obligatory intermediate host. In one of the cats (fed carcass of infected mice) necropsied on day 43 P.I., it was observed the occurence of the self-infective cycle of L. minor in the lung tissues and in the cervical region which was characterized by the finding of eggs in different stages of development, third stage larvae and mature worms. It's believed that some component of the carnivorae gastrointestinal tracts may preclude the development of third stage larvae from L. minor eggs what explains the interruption of the life cycle in animals fed infective eggs. It's also pointed out the role of the intermediate host in the first stages of the life cycle of this helminth.

The life cycle of Paraquimperia tenerrima: a parasite of the European eel Anguilla anguilla

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Shears ◽  
C.R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Freshwater Invertebrate ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

AbstractPrevious studies on the life history of the nematode eel specialist Paraquimperia tenerrima (Nematoda: Quimperiidae) have failed to determine whether an intermediate host is required in the life cycle. In the laboratory, eggs failed to hatch below 10°C, hatching occurring only at temperatures between 11 and 30°C. Survival of the free-living second stage larvae (L2) was also temperature dependent, with maximal survival between 10 and 20°C. Total survival of the free-living stages (eggs and L2) is unlikely to exceed a month at normal summer water temperatures, confirming that parasite could not survive the 6 month gap between shedding of eggs in spring and infection of eels in early winter outside of a host. Eels could not be infected directly with L2, nor could a range of common freshwater invertebrate species. Third stage larvae (L3) resembling P. tenerrima were found frequently and abundantly in the swimbladder of minnows Phoxinus phoxinus from several localities throughout the year and were able to survive in this host in the laboratory for at least 6 months. Third stage larvae identical to these larvae were recovered from minnows experimentally fed L2 of P. tenerrima, and eels infected experimentally with naturally and experimentally infected minnows were found to harbour fourth stage larvae (L4) and juvenile P. tenerrima in their intestines. Finally, the whole life cycle from eggs to adult was completed in the laboratory, confirming that minnows are an obligate intermediate host for P. tenerrima.

Some Observations on the Transmission of Bacteria by Infective Larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

1955 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Gharib
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Infected Host ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
External Development

It is well known that the first two larval stages in the life cycle of nematodes belonging to the superfamily Strongloidea, have a freeliving existence. During this time, the larva which hatches from the egg feeds actively, undergoes two moults and grows considerably before reaching the infective stage, when it is ready to invade a definitive host. Under natural conditions this external development takes place in the faeces, which have been deposited by the infected host on ground likely to be contaminated with various bacteria.

Resistance to Infection With Intracellular Parasites. Identification of a Candidate Gene

Physiology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
SM Vidal ◽  
P Gros
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Positional Cloning ◽  
Transport Protein ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Specific Transport ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Resistance To Infection

In the mouse, natural resistance to infection with unrelated intracellular parasites is controlled by the Bcg locus. With an positional cloning approach, a candidate gene for Bcg has been isolated. This gene encodes for a novel macrophage-specific transport protein, Nramp, which is altered in innately susceptible animals.

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