The life cycle of Paraquimperia tenerrima: a parasite of the European eel Anguilla anguilla

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Shears ◽  
C.R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Freshwater Invertebrate ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

AbstractPrevious studies on the life history of the nematode eel specialist Paraquimperia tenerrima (Nematoda: Quimperiidae) have failed to determine whether an intermediate host is required in the life cycle. In the laboratory, eggs failed to hatch below 10°C, hatching occurring only at temperatures between 11 and 30°C. Survival of the free-living second stage larvae (L2) was also temperature dependent, with maximal survival between 10 and 20°C. Total survival of the free-living stages (eggs and L2) is unlikely to exceed a month at normal summer water temperatures, confirming that parasite could not survive the 6 month gap between shedding of eggs in spring and infection of eels in early winter outside of a host. Eels could not be infected directly with L2, nor could a range of common freshwater invertebrate species. Third stage larvae (L3) resembling P. tenerrima were found frequently and abundantly in the swimbladder of minnows Phoxinus phoxinus from several localities throughout the year and were able to survive in this host in the laboratory for at least 6 months. Third stage larvae identical to these larvae were recovered from minnows experimentally fed L2 of P. tenerrima, and eels infected experimentally with naturally and experimentally infected minnows were found to harbour fourth stage larvae (L4) and juvenile P. tenerrima in their intestines. Finally, the whole life cycle from eggs to adult was completed in the laboratory, confirming that minnows are an obligate intermediate host for P. tenerrima.

ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF PHOCANEMA DECIPIENS (KRABBE, 1878) MYERS, 1959 (NEMATODA:ANISAKIDAE)

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Harp Seal ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Probable Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
Freezing Temperatures

Phocanema (synonyms: Porrocaecum, Terranova) decipiens is described in detail and its probable life cycle outlined. Eggs deposited in salt water develop and hatch in 7 to 14 days at between 10 °C and 24 °C, even after previous freezing. Temperatures over 24 °C are lethal. Larvae fed to a large variety of invertebrates passed quickly through their intestines still alive; fed to fish, they disappeared within 24 hours but in one case a larva was found ensheathed in the intestine. No larvae were found in 'wild' invertebrates although many were infected with free-living nematodes. It is concluded that, while numerous invertebrates may act as 'transport' hosts for the larva to a fish, none acts as a true intermediate host. While larvae infective to seals occur commonly in the muscles of cod, a large variety of other fish are also infected and are a more probable source of infection. Development to maturity in the seal takes approximately three weeks, and it is probable that the main source of the infection in the Gulf of St, Lawrence is the harp seal, although harbor and grey seals also contribute to it.

scholarly journals Hard times for catadromous fish: the case of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla, L. 1758)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Podda ◽  
Andrea Sabatini ◽  
Francesco Palmas ◽  
Antonio Pusceddu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Habitat Occupancy ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Anthropogenic Threats

Catadromous fish species are very important organisms for their ecological, economical, and cultural value. For its complex life species catadromous fish result in worldwide decline since the beginning of the 20th century. Among the most iconic catadromous species, the European eel Anguilla anguilla L. 1758 has aroused considerable interest since very ancient times. Because, to date, many aspects of their life cycle remain relatively unknown, to implement our knowledge about the main natural and anthropogenic threats to its survivorship and identify possible solutions to preserve it, in this narrative review, we present the state of the knowledge about the life cycle, habitat occupancy, recruitment, and migration patterns of the European eel and about the major threats most likely have contributed to the decline of eels’ populations.

scholarly journals Experimental life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulcinéa Maria Barbosa Campos ◽  
Lindomar G. Freire Filha ◽  
Miguel Alípio Vieira ◽  
Julieta Machado Paçô ◽  
Moacir A. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Skeletal Musculature ◽  
Third Stage

The life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor was studied using material collected from human lesion and applying the experimental model: rodents (mice, hamsters), and carnivorae (cats, dogs). In mice given infective eggs, orally, hatch of the third stage larvae was noted in the gut wall, with migration to liver, lungs, skeletal musculature and subcutaneous tissue becoming, soon after, encysted. In cats infected with skinned carcasses of mice (60 to 235 days of infection) it was observed: hatch of third stage larvae from the nodules (cysts) in the stomach, migration through the oesophagus, pharynx, trachea, related tissues (rhino-oropharynx), and cervical lymphonodes developing to the mature stage in any of these sites on days 9-20 post inoculation (P.I.). There was no parasite development up to the mature stage in cats inoculated orally with infective eggs, which indicates that the life cycle of this parasite includes an obligatory intermediate host. In one of the cats (fed carcass of infected mice) necropsied on day 43 P.I., it was observed the occurence of the self-infective cycle of L. minor in the lung tissues and in the cervical region which was characterized by the finding of eggs in different stages of development, third stage larvae and mature worms. It's believed that some component of the carnivorae gastrointestinal tracts may preclude the development of third stage larvae from L. minor eggs what explains the interruption of the life cycle in animals fed infective eggs. It's also pointed out the role of the intermediate host in the first stages of the life cycle of this helminth.

The life cycle of Parvatrema homoeotecnum sp.nov.(Trematoda: Digenea) and a review of the family Gymnophallidae Morozov, 1955

Parasitology ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. James
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Littorina Saxatilis ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Haematopus Ostralegus

1. Parvatrema homoeotecnum sp.nov. from the oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis Neumann at Aberystwyth is described and compared with other species of the genus.2. The life cycle of this species is unique. The larval stages occur in the gastropod, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) subsp. tenebrosa (Montagu) and include germinal sacs which have a structure and development similar to an adult digenean. There are no free-living stages and only one intermediate host.3. The significance of this unique life cycle is discussed.4. The family Gymnophallidae Morozov, 1955, is reviewed. Emended definitions are given for the family, subfamilies and genera. Keys, diagnostic features and brief notes of the species are included.I am very grateful to Dr Gwendolen Rees, who suggested the investigation which led to the discovery of this species, for her advice and indispensable assistance throughout the work and the preparation of this paper. I am also grateful to the late Professor T. A. Stephenson for his interest and for the provision of working facilities; to Mr W. A. Ballantine, Mr A. H. Clarke, Jr., Mr C. Curtis, Miss G. P. F. Evans, Dr V. Fretter, Professor L. A. Harvey, Mr D. H. Jones and Dr J. Lewis who sent me specimens of Littorina saxatilis; to Professor R. M. Cable and Emerit. Professor G. R. La Rue for helpful suggestions; to Mr J. R. Hirst and Mr D. Hemingway Jones for photographic and technical assistance and to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for a grant which made the work possible.

The swimbladder nematodeAnguillicola crassusin the European eelAnguilla anguillaand the Japanese eelAnguilla japonica: differences in susceptibility and immunity between a recently colonized host and the original host

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Knopf
Keyword(s):  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Japanese Eel ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
European Eel ◽  
New Host ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Original Host ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractThe swimbladder nematodeAnguillicola crassusoriginates from Asia where it is a parasite of the Japanese eelAnguilla japonica. After its introduction to Europe about 25 years ago, the parasite spread rapidly within the indigenous populations of the European eelAnguilla anguillaand subsequently the prevalence and mean intensity appeared to stabilize. Under experimental and aquaculture conditions the naïve new host appears to be more susceptible toA. crassuscompared to the original host. Both eel species develop a immune response againstA. crassus. The antibody response is well characterized for the European eel, but poorly characterized for the Japanese eel. It remains unclear if antibodies have any protective function againstA. crassus. Encapsulation of larvae ofA. crassuscan be observed in naturally infected European eels. However, encapsulation of larvae following experimental infection has not been detected in European eels, but only in Japanese eels. Reinfection experiments and intraperitoneal injection ofA. crassushomogenates failed to demonstrate the development of acquired immunity in European eels. Immunization with irradiated third stage larvae provided preliminary evidence for acquired immunity againstA. crassusin the Japanese eel, but not in the European eel.

scholarly journals Is the continental life of the European eel Anguilla anguilla affected by the parasitic invader Anguillicoloides crassus ?

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20122916 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Lefebvre ◽  
Géraldine Fazio ◽  
Béatrice Mounaix ◽  
Alain J. Crivelli
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Size Increase ◽  
European Eel ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal Marker ◽  
Anguillicoloides Crassus

Quantifying the fitness cost that parasites impose on wild hosts is a challenging task, because the epidemiological history of field-sampled hosts is often unknown. In this study, we used an internal marker of the parasite pressure on individual hosts to evaluate the costs of parasitism with respect to host body condition, size increase and reproductive potential of field-collected animals for which we also determined individual age. In our investigated system, the European eel Anguilla anguilla and the parasitic invader Anguillicoloides crassus , high virulence and severe impacts are expected because the host lacks an adaptive immune response. We demonstrated a nonlinear relationship between the severity of damage to the affected organ (i.e. the swimbladder, our internal marker) and parasite abundance and biomass, thus showing that the use of classical epidemiological parameters was not relevant here. Surprisingly, we found that the most severely affected eels (with damaged swimbladder) had greater body length and mass (+11% and +41%, respectively), than unaffected eels of same age. We discuss mechanisms that could explain this finding and other counterintuitive results in this host–parasite system, and highlight the likely importance of host panmixia in generating great inter-individual variability in growth potential and infection risk. Under that scenario, the most active foragers would not only have the greatest size increase, but also the highest probability of becoming repeatedly infected—via trophic parasite transmission—during their continental life.

Molecular data infers the involvement of a marine aurantiactinomyxon in the life cycle of the myxosporean parasite Paramyxidium giardi (Cnidaria, Myxozoa)

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (12) ◽  
pp. 1555-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rocha ◽  
Â. Alves ◽  
C. Antunes ◽  
C. Azevedo ◽  
G. Casal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
The Family ◽  
Collective Group ◽  
Myxosporean Parasite ◽  
Intraspecific Difference

AbstractAn aurantiactinomyxon type is described from the marine naidid Tubificoides pseudogaster (Dahl, 1960), collected from the lower estuary of a Northern Portuguese River. This type constitutes the first of its collective group to be reported from Portugal, and only the fourth described from a marine oligochaete worldwide. Extensive morphological comparisons of new aurantiactinomyxon isolates to all known types without available molecular data are proposed to be unnecessary, given the artificiality of the usage of morphological criteria for actinosporean differentiation and the apparent strict host specificity of the group. Recognition of naidid oligochaetes as the hosts of choice for marine types of aurantiactinomyxon and other collective groups, suggests that the family Naididae played a preponderant role in the myxosporean colonization of estuarine communities. Molecular analyses of the type in study further infer its involvement in the life cycle of Paramyxidium giardi (Cépède, 1906) Freeman and Kristmundsson, 2018, a species that infects the kidney of European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) and that has been reported globally, including from Portuguese waters. The low intraspecific difference registered in relation to Icelandic isolates of P. giardi (0.6%) is hypothesized to result from the emergence of genotypically different subspecies due to geographic isolation.

scholarly journals Elemental composition of otoliths as a discriminator of life stage and growth habitat of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Tzeng ◽  
K. P. Severin ◽  
C. H. Wang ◽  
H. Wickström
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Yellow Eel ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyser ◽  
History Of

The hypothesis that elemental composition of otoliths of the eel (Anguilla spp.) changes with life stage and growth habitat was tested in the present study. The minor elements Cl, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr and P in otoliths of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) were examined by using an Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA) equipped with wavelength dispersive spectrometers (Cameca SX-50). Yellow-stage eels were collected from coastal waters and lakes of Sweden in 1987, 1988, 1991, and 1994, with ages ranging from 5 to 18 years old. Strontium maps and profiles of Sr : Ca ratio, as well as the elver check in otoliths, were used to classify life history stages of the eels as leptocephalus, and freshwater- and seawater-resident yellow eels. Canonical score plots of the otolith elemental compositions of the freshwater-resident yellow eel were completely separated from those of leptocephalus and seawater-resident yellow eel, but the latter two partially overlapped. Strontium is the primary component in determining the discrimination, but the nutrient-related (S and P), and the physiologically controlled elements (Na and Cl), may also play an important role in the discrimination. These results indicate that multiple-elemental information can provide additional insight into the migratory environmental history of diadromous fishes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document