The effects of feeding on cell morphology and proliferation of the gastrointestinal tract of juvenile Burmese pythons (Python molurus)

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 1255-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Helmstetter ◽  
Robert K. Pope ◽  
Mathieu T’Flachebba ◽  
Stephen M. Secor ◽  
Jean-Hervé Lignot
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Postprandial Period ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Python Molurus ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cellular Replication

The gastrointestinal tract of Burmese pythons ( Python molurus (L., 1758)) exhibits large morphological and physiological changes in response to feeding and extended periods of fasting. In this study the mucosa of the stomach, small intestine, and colon were examined for changes in structure and cellular proliferation. The mucosa of fasting pythons exhibited low levels of cellular replication, but after feeding, cellular replication was evident as early as 12 h in the small intestine and colon and 24 h in the stomach. Replication peaked 3 days postfeeding for the small intestine and colon, but was still increasing at 6 days postfeeding in the stomach. Interestingly, cell proliferation was still evident after 45 days in the colon. In these tissues, a stock of “ready-to-use” primary lysosomes is found in the mucosal cells of fasting animals, whereas profound intracellular recycling is typical of animals that have been fed. These findings indicate that during the postprandial period, the intestinal mucosa undergoes extensive remodelling in anticipation of the next fasting and feeding period. One key adaptive factor for the python’s ability to cope with infrequent feeding is a well-prepared digestive system in fasting animals that can quickly start functioning again when food becomes available.

scholarly journals Postprandial increase of oleoylethanolamide mobilization in small intestine of the Burmese python (Python molurus)

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (5) ◽  
pp. R1407-R1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Astarita ◽  
Bryan C. Rourke ◽  
Johnnie B. Andersen ◽  
Jin Fu ◽  
Janet H. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Python Molurus ◽  
Rats And Mice

Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is an endogenous lipid mediator that inhibits feeding in rats and mice by activating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α). In rodents, intestinal OEA levels increase about threefold upon refeeding, a response that may contribute to the induction of between-meal satiety. Here, we examined whether feeding-induced OEA mobilization also occurs in Burmese pythons ( Python molurus), a species of ambush-hunting snakes that consume huge meals after months of fasting and undergo massive feeding-dependent changes in gastrointestinal hormonal release and gut morphology. Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), we measured OEA levels in the gastrointestinal tract of fasted (28 days) and fed (48 h after feeding) pythons. We observed a nearly 300-fold increase in OEA levels in the small intestine of fed compared with fasted animals (322 ± 121 vs. 1 ± 1 pmol/mg protein, n = 3–4). In situ OEA biosynthesis was suggested by the concomitant increase of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine species that serve as potential biosynthetic precursors for OEA. Furthermore, we observed a concomitant increase in saturated, mono- and diunsaturated, but not polyunsaturated fatty-acid ethanolamides (FAE) in the small intestine of fed pythons. The identification of OEA and other FAEs in the gastrointestinal tract of Python molurus suggests that this class of lipid messengers may be widespread among vertebrate groups and may represent an evolutionarily ancient means of regulating energy intake.

scholarly journals Bisfenol A: Possíveis Efeitos e Danos ao Organismo - Revisão de Literatura

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geisyane De Castro Paz Oliveira ◽  
João Victor Silva Araújo ◽  
Aírton Mendes Conde Junior ◽  
Kelly Palombit
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System

O bisfenol A (BPA) é um produto químico, amplamente utilizado para a produção de policarbonatos e resinas epoxi. O BPA é encontrado principalmente em mamadeiras, tubulações de água, recipientes de armazenamento de alimentos e garrafas plásticas, sendo assim, o monômero mais comum ao contato alimentar. Os seres humanos são expostos diariamente a uma grande quantidade dessa substância, cujos efeitos podem ser nocivos a saúde humana. Sendo assim, reuniram-se informações de estudos relacionados  acerca da exposição ao BPA, onde o objetivo foi analisar os efeitos dessa substância no organismo. Para a realização deste trabalho, buscaram-se informações nos periódicos eletrônicos Google Acadêmico, PubMed e Scielo, selecionando-se artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, publicados nos últimos 15 anos. Os descritores de assunto utilizados foram:  Bisphenol A, Digestive System, Gastrointestinal Tract, Enteric Nervous System e Small Intestine. A presente revisão de literarura demonstrou que o BPA atua de diversas formas sobre a organismo, principalmente sobre os sistemas endócrino, reprodutor e nervoso central. O trato gastrintestinal, local de primeiro contato do BPA ingerido na dieta, merece maior atenção. Apesar da literatura apresentar relatos científicos atuais sobre o efeito do BPA no sistema digestório, características mais específicas deste sistema, necessitam de uma discussão mais ampla com realizações de novas pesquisas e publicações.

CHANGES IN SMALL INTESTINE MICROFLORA IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-18
Author(s):  
V. M. Lykhman ◽  
O. M. Shevchenko ◽  
Ye. O. Bilodid ◽  
Igor Vladimirovich Volchenko ◽  
I. A. Kulyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Acute Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria

Among urgent surgical diseases of abdominal cavity, an acute intestinal obstruction is the most difficult to be diagnosed and treated. Leading factor, determining the development of pathophysiological processes is considered to be the progressive manifestations of enteric insufficiency syndrome, resulting in intestinal barrier impairment, negative changes in ecology of intestinal flora, increased endotoxins. To identify the small intestine microflora in acute intestinal obstruction and determine the role of dysbiotic disorders in clinical manifestations of main pathological process, a study was conducted in 60 patients with mechanical intestinal obstruction. The small intestine has a relatively rare microflora, consisting mainly of gram−positive facultative aerobic microorganisms, streptococci, lactobacilli. The distal ileum in nearly 30−55 % of healthy people contains scanty microflora, and yet the flora of this area differs from the microbial population of the higher gastrointestinal tract due to higher concentration of gram−negative bacteria. Optional−anaerobic coliform bacilli, anaerobic bifidobacteria and fusobacteria, bacteroids, the number of which starts exceeding the one of gram−positive species, are presented in significant quantities. Distal to the ileocecal valve there are significant changes in the microflora quantitative and species composition. Obligatory anaerobic bacteria become the predominant part of microflora, exceeding the number of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. The bacterial flora in different parts of gastrointestinal tract has its own specifics and is quite constant, as a result of the interaction of many factors, regulating the bacterial population in small intestine. The most important among them are: acidity of gastric juice, normal peristaltic activity of the intestine, bacterial interactions and immune mechanisms. Disorders of the intestine motor and evacuation function with its obstruction lead to slow passage of the chyme and contamination of the upper gastrointestinal tract with new types of microbes. There is a syndrome of small intestine excessive colonization, which means an increased concentration of bacterial populations in it, similar in species composition to the colon microflora. Pathological intra−intestinal contents become a source of endogenous infection and re−infection of the patient, leads to internal digestive disorders, which is manifested by syndrome of malabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins. Key words: acute intestinal obstruction, small intestinal microflora, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, intestinal biocenosis.

scholarly journals A long-term survivor of clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract with liver metastasis: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuhisa Okada ◽  
Yasumitsu Hirano ◽  
Shintaro Ishikawa ◽  
Hiroka Kondo ◽  
Toshimasa Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Liver Metastasis ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Clear Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Cell Sarcoma

Abstract Background Clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract (CCSLTGT) is extremely rare. It is a mesenchymal neoplasm that usually forms in the small intestine of adolescents and young adults, is prone to local recurrence and metastasis, and has a high mortality rate. We report a patient with CCSLTGT with lymph node- and liver metastases, who continues to survive 6 years after initial surgical resection. Case presentation A 38-year-old woman presented with lightheadedness. Laboratory analysis revealed anemia (hemoglobin, 6.7 g/dL), and enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a mass in the small intestine, about 6 cm in diameter, with swelling of 2 regional lymph nodes. Double-balloon small intestine endoscopic examination revealed a tumor accompanied by an ulcer; the biopsy findings suggested a primary cancer of the small intestine. She was admitted, and we then performed a laparotomy for partial resection of the small intestine with lymph node dissection. Pathologic examination revealed CCSLTGT with regional lymph node metastases. About 3 years later, follow-up CT revealed a single liver metastasis. Consequently, she underwent a laparoscopic partial liver resection. Histopathologic examination confirmed that the liver metastasis was consistent with CCSLTGT. It has now been 3 years without a recurrence. Conclusion Repeated radical surgical resection with close follow-up may be the only way to achieve long-term survival in patients with CCLSTGT.

scholarly journals Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Della Fera ◽  
Alix Warburton ◽  
Tami L. Coursey ◽  
Simran Khurana ◽  
Alison A. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Dna Replication ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Viral Dna Replication ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
E6 And E7 ◽  
Cellular Replication

Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in stratified epithelia because viral DNA is maintained as low copy number extrachromosomal plasmids in the dividing basal cells of a lesion, while progeny viral genomes are amplified to large numbers in differentiated superficial cells. The viral E1 and E2 proteins initiate viral DNA replication and maintain and partition viral genomes, in concert with the cellular replication machinery. Additionally, the E5, E6, and E7 proteins are required to evade host immune responses and to produce a cellular environment that supports viral DNA replication. An unfortunate consequence of the manipulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation is that cells become at high risk for carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Metastatic Melanoma Presenting as Intussusception in an 80-Year-Old Man: A Case Report

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Alghamdi ◽  
Yumna Omarzai
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uncommon Neoplasm

Malignant melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon neoplasm that could be primary or metastatic. Small intestine represents the most common site for the metastatic melanoma; however, it could be found anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Intussusception is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in adults compared to children. In 90% of the cases, the underlying cause can be found, and in 65% of the cases, intussusception is caused by the neoplastic process. The majority of the neoplasms are benign, and about 15% are malignant. Metastatic melanoma is one of the most common metastatic malignancies to the gastrointestinal tract; however, the premortem diagnosis is rarely made. Here, we report an uncommon clinical presentation of metastatic melanoma causing intussusception in an 80-year-old man. This diagnosis should be considered in a differential diagnosis in any patient who presents with gastrointestinal symptoms and a history of melanoma.

THE PHYSILOGICAL CONCEPT OF AGNI AND TRIDOSH WITH REFERENCE TO GRAHANI, A LITERARY REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrushali P. Kale Vrushali Purushottam Kale
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Physiological Analysis

According to Ayurveda, Jatharagni plays main role in the digestion process. Jatharagni carries its functions through Pachaka pitta. Grahani is an organ of gastrointestinal tract located between Amashaya and Pakwashaya, where digestion takes place. According to classical literature Pitta is same as Agni. Tridosha also plays very important role in the digestion process. In the recent days, irregular life style affects the digestive system and Jatharagni very badly. Whenever Agni gets (Vikrut) unbalanced due to wrong food habits and lifestyle, it should be understood that along with Agni, Pachaka Pitta will also get disturbed. Agnimandya is the root cause of most of the disorders like Grahani. Grahani organ is the main location of Jatharagni. Grahani is the organ where Pachak Pitta and Samanvayu carry out digestion. The most important function of Grahani is digestion of food with the help of Jatharagni, Pachakpitta, Pittadhara Kala and Samnvayu. Agni inside the body, digest the food give strength and maintain health. Samanvayu regulates the movements of the Grahani and helps in digestion. Hence, in this article we attempt to analyze and correlate patho-physiology of Grahani with respect to Physiological analysis of Agni and disturbed doshas. Etiological factors induces imbalance in Jatharagni, Pachak Pitta and Samanvayu and prolonged imbalance state weakens the Pittadhara Kala, which results in disease Grahani. Health of Grahani entirely depends on balanced state of Jatharagni, Pachaka Pitta, Pittadhara Kala and Samanvayu. The irregular life style, incompatible food habits creates Ama causes Grahani, affecting the digestive system and Jatharagni very badly.

Classification of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in the practice of a family doctor

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Aleksey Borisovich Petrukhin
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Important Place ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis Of Diseases

Gastroenterology belongs to one of the leading branches of therapy. In the structure of diseases of the internal organs, diseases of the digestive system occupy a particularly important place due to their high prevalence, which increases with age. As a rule, these diseases have a chronic, progressive, recurrent course, which ultimately leads to severe disorders of the activity of many organs and systems of the body. The article presents the basic requirements for the formation of a clinical diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which are most common in the practice of a family doctor.

WZsGreen/+: a new green fluorescent protein knock-in mouse model for the study of KIT-expressing cells in gut and cerebellum

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Wouters ◽  
Karine Smans ◽  
Jean-Marie Vanderwinden
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Green Fluorescent

In the small intestine, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) surrounding the myenteric plexus generate the pacemaking slow waves that are essential for an efficient intestinal transit. The underlying molecular mechanisms of the slow wave are poorly known. KIT is currently the sole practical marker for ICC. Attempts to purify living ICC have so far largely failed, due to the loss of the KIT epitope during enzymatic dissociation. Aiming to identify and isolate living ICC, we designed a knock-in strategy to express a fluorescent tag in KIT-expressing cells by inserting the sequence of the novel green fluorescent protein ZsGreen into the first exon of the c-Kit gene, creating a null allele called WZsGreen. In the gastrointestinal tract of heterozygous WZsGreen/+ mice, tiny ZsGreen fluorescent dots were observed in all KIT-expressing ICC populations, with exception of ICC at the deep muscular plexus in small intestine. During development of the gastrointestinal tract, ZsGreen expression followed KIT expression in a spatiotemporal way. Stellate and basket KIT-expressing cells in the molecular layer of the cerebellum also exhibited ZsGreen dots, whereas no ZsGreen was detected in skin, testis, and bone marrow. ZsGreen dot-containing intestinal cells could be isolated from jejunum and maintained alive in culture for at least 3 days. ZsGreen is a suitable alternative to EGFP in transgenic animals. The novel WZsGreen/+ model reported here appears to be a promising tool for live studies of KIT-expressing cells in the gastrointestinal tract and cerebellum and for the further analysis of pacemaker mechanisms.

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