scholarly journals Bisfenol A: Possíveis Efeitos e Danos ao Organismo - Revisão de Literatura

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geisyane De Castro Paz Oliveira ◽  
João Victor Silva Araújo ◽  
Aírton Mendes Conde Junior ◽  
Kelly Palombit
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System

O bisfenol A (BPA) é um produto químico, amplamente utilizado para a produção de policarbonatos e resinas epoxi. O BPA é encontrado principalmente em mamadeiras, tubulações de água, recipientes de armazenamento de alimentos e garrafas plásticas, sendo assim, o monômero mais comum ao contato alimentar. Os seres humanos são expostos diariamente a uma grande quantidade dessa substância, cujos efeitos podem ser nocivos a saúde humana. Sendo assim, reuniram-se informações de estudos relacionados  acerca da exposição ao BPA, onde o objetivo foi analisar os efeitos dessa substância no organismo. Para a realização deste trabalho, buscaram-se informações nos periódicos eletrônicos Google Acadêmico, PubMed e Scielo, selecionando-se artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, publicados nos últimos 15 anos. Os descritores de assunto utilizados foram:  Bisphenol A, Digestive System, Gastrointestinal Tract, Enteric Nervous System e Small Intestine. A presente revisão de literarura demonstrou que o BPA atua de diversas formas sobre a organismo, principalmente sobre os sistemas endócrino, reprodutor e nervoso central. O trato gastrintestinal, local de primeiro contato do BPA ingerido na dieta, merece maior atenção. Apesar da literatura apresentar relatos científicos atuais sobre o efeito do BPA no sistema digestório, características mais específicas deste sistema, necessitam de uma discussão mais ampla com realizações de novas pesquisas e publicações.

scholarly journals Alterations in Small Intestine and Liver Morphology, Immunolocalization of Leptin, Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 as Well as Immunoexpression of Tight Junction Proteins in Intestinal Mucosa after Gastrectomy in Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Iwona Puzio ◽  
Siemowit Muszyński ◽  
Piotr Dobrowolski ◽  
Małgorzata Kapica ◽  
Marta Pawłowska-Olszewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver Morphology

The stomach is responsible for the processing of nutrients as well as for the secretion of various hormones which are involved in many activities throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Experimental adult male Wistar rats (n = 6) underwent a modified gastrectomy, while control rats (n = 6) were sham-operated. After six weeks, changes in small intestine (including histomorphometrical parameters of the enteric nervous plexuses) and liver morphology, immunolocalization of leptin, ghrelin and nesfatin-1 as well as proteins forming adherens and tight junctions (E-cadherin, zonula occludens-1, occludin, marvelD3) in intestinal mucosa were evaluated. A number of effects on small intestine morphology, enteric nervous system ganglia, hormones and proteins expression were found, showing intestinal enteroplasticity and neuroplasticity associated with changes in gastrointestinal tract condition. The functional changes in intestinal mucosa and the enteric nervous system could be responsible for the altered intestinal barrier and hormonal responses following gastrectomy. The results suggest that more complicated regulatory mechanisms than that of compensatory mucosal hypertrophy alone are involved.

scholarly journals Enteric and Central Nervous System Mediated Control of Digestive Processes in the Small Intestine: a Coprocessor-Processor Paradigm

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Ravi Kant Avvari
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Enteric Reflexes ◽  
Digestive Processes

The small intestine is part of the gastrointestinal tract that facilitates further breakdown of the meal, extract the nutrients, absorb them efficiently and expel the left over remains of the digesta. They help in managing various digestive processes that involve buffering of the chyme, mixing with small intestinal secretions and bile, absorption and transport. In general, the small intestine functions as a bioreactor in an efficient way by employing neurohormonal means for regulating the digestive processes. Part of the regulatory functions involving-eliciting motility patterns, control of secretions and emptying of the bowels are locally mediated by the enteric reflexes, however the physiological functions demanding homeostasis requires the intervention of the central nervous system. In this review, we explore the nature of regulating mechanisms that are managed partly by the enteric nervous system (ENS) as analogous to a coprocessor and works in conjunction with the central nervous system (CNS), the primary processor to manage the extensive task of digesting the meal.

scholarly journals Dopamine Transporter Genetic Reduction Induces Morpho-Functional Changes in the Enteric Nervous System

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Silvia Cerantola ◽  
Valentina Caputi ◽  
Gabriella Contarini ◽  
Maddalena Mereu ◽  
Antonella Bertazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Dopamine Transporter ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Neurochemical Coding ◽  
The Impact

Antidopaminergic gastrointestinal prokinetics are indeed commonly used to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders, although the precise role of dopaminergic transmission in the gut is still unclear. Since dopamine transporter (DAT) is involved in several brain disorders by modulating extracellular dopamine in the central nervous system, this study evaluated the impact of DAT genetic reduction on the morpho-functional integrity of mouse small intestine enteric nervous system (ENS). In DAT heterozygous (DAT+/−) and wild-type (DAT+/+) mice (14 ± 2 weeks) alterations in small intestinal contractility were evaluated by isometrical assessment of neuromuscular responses to receptor and non-receptor-mediated stimuli. Changes in ENS integrity were studied by real-time PCR and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy in longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus whole-mount preparations (). DAT genetic reduction resulted in a significant increase in dopamine-mediated effects, primarily via D1 receptor activation, as well as in reduced cholinergic response, sustained by tachykininergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission via NMDA receptors. These functional anomalies were associated to architectural changes in the neurochemical coding and S100β immunoreactivity in small intestine myenteric plexus. Our study provides evidence that genetic-driven DAT defective activity determines anomalies in ENS architecture and neurochemical coding together with ileal dysmotility, highlighting the involvement of dopaminergic system in gut disorders, often associated to neurological conditions.

Actions of cysteinyl leukotrienes in the enteric nervous system of guinea-pig stomach and small intestine

2003 ◽  
Vol 459 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumei Liu ◽  
Hong-Zhen Hu ◽  
Chuanyun Gao ◽  
Na Gao ◽  
Guodu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Cysteinyl Leukotrienes ◽  
Guinea Pig Stomach

The enteric nervous system of echinoderms: unexpected complexity revealed by neurochemical analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-873
Author(s):  
J.E. Garcia-Arraras ◽  
M. Rojas-Soto ◽  
L.B. Jimenez ◽  
L. Diaz-Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distinct Component ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Neurochemical Analysis

Echinoderms are one of the most important groups of metazoans from the point of view of evolution, ecology and abundance. Nevertheless, their nervous system has been little studied. Particularly unexplored have been the components of the nervous system that lie outside the ectoneural and hyponeural divisions of the main nerve ring and radial nerve cords. We have gathered information on the nervous components of the digestive tract of echinoderms and demonstrate an unexpected level of complexity in terms of neurons, nerve plexi, their location and neurochemistry. The nervous elements within the digestive system consist of a distinct component of the echinoderm nervous system, termed the enteric nervous system. However, the association between the enteric nervous system and the ectoneural and hyponeural components of the nervous system is not well established. Our findings also emphasize the importance of the large lacunae in the neurobiology of echinoderms, a feature that should be addressed in future studies.

scholarly journals Bisphenol A (BPA) Affects the Enteric Nervous System in the Porcine Stomach

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2445
Author(s):  
Krystyna Makowska ◽  
Sławomir Gonkowski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Gastric Wall ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Double Immunofluorescence ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Myenteric Ganglia

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely utilized in plastic production process all over the world. Previous studies have shown that BPA, with its similarity to estrogen, may negatively affect living organisms. It is acknowledged that BPA distorts the activity of multiple internal systems, including the nervous, reproductive, urinary, and endocrine systems. BPA also affects the gastrointestinal tract and enteric nervous system (ENS), which is placed throughout the wall from the esophagus to the rectum. Contrary to the intestine, the influence of BPA on the ENS in the stomach is still little known. This study, performed using the double immunofluorescence method, has revealed that BPA affects the number of nervous structures in the porcine gastric wall immunoreactive to vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT, a marker of cholinergic neurons), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART). The character and severity of noted alterations depended on the part of the ENS, the BPA dose, and the type of neuronal substance. Administration of BPA resulted in an increase in the number of nervous structures containing SP, GAL, and/or CART, and a decrease in the number of cholinergic neurons in all parts of the gastric wall. The number of VIP-positive nervous structures increased in the enteric myenteric ganglia, along with the muscular and mucosal layers, whilst it decreased in the submucous ganglia. The exact mechanism of noted changes was not absolutely obvious, but they were probably related to the neuroprotective and adaptive processes constituting the response to the impact of BPA.

Effects of optogenetic activation of the enteric nervous system on gastrointestinal motility in mouse small intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 102733
Author(s):  
Nick J. Spencer ◽  
Lee Travis ◽  
Tim Hibberd ◽  
Nigel Kelly ◽  
Jing Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine
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