Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges

M Manuel

doi:10.1139/z06-005

Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z06-005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 225-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

M Manuel

Keyword(s):

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Calcareous Sponges ◽

Rdna Sequences ◽

Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽

Phylogeny And Evolution ◽

High Level ◽

The 19Th Century

The most recent advances concerning the phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges (Calcarea or Calcispongia) are reviewed here, in the light of the history of taxonomy of the group and conceptions about its evolution, starting from Haeckel's works at the end of the 19th century. Calcisponge phylogeny has recently started to be addressed using modern tools of phylogenetic reconstruction: cladistic analysis of morphological characters and molecular phylogeny (so far using 18S and 28S rDNA sequences). The monophyly of calcareous sponges is strongly supported in these works, as is their subdivision into two clades, Calcinea (whose proposed synapomorphy is the basal position of nuclei in choanocytes, with no relation to the flagella) and Calcaronea (whose possible synapomorphy is the formation of the amphiblastula larva through the original process of eversion of the stomoblastula). While the molecular phylogeny of Calcinea is still in its infancy because of insufficient taxonomic sampling, several lines are emerging for the phylogeny of Calcaronea, and these are in strong disagreement with the classification issued from the "traditional" morphological approach. Phylogenetic hypotheses also permit the reconstruction of morphological character evolution, which appears complex and subject to a high level of homoplasy.

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Ammonites phylogenetic analysis: state of the art and new prospects

BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin ◽

10.2113/175.5.507 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 175 (5) ◽

pp. 507-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Isabelle Rouget ◽

Pascal Neigeet ◽

Jean-Louis Dommergues

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Quality Of Data ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Evolutionary Concepts ◽

Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽

Definition Of ◽

Iterative Evolution

Abstract Two main types of data are available to resolve phylogenies using fossils data: (1) stratigraphic ordering of taxa, and (2) morphological characters. In most phylogenetic studies dealing with ammonites, authors have given priority to the stratigraphic distribution of taxa. This practice is classically justified by the fact that the ammonite fossil record is frequently outstandingly good. In practice, the level of integration of stratigraphic and morphologic information in a single analysis depends on the confidence that authors have in the quality of data. Besides, many evolutionary concepts, which could differ over time and between authors (e.g. anagenesis, cladogenesis, iterative evolution), are added to these data to help infer phylogenetic relationships. As a result, phylogenetic hypotheses are based on eclectic methods which depend on the relative weight given to stratigraphic and morphologic information as well as on evolutionary concepts used. The validity of relationships proposed by previous authors is not dealt with in this paper. Instead, our goal is to draw attention to problems that these eclectic methods may cause, that is to say: (1) ammonites systematics is poorly formalised and (2) phylogenetic hypotheses as they are classically constructed are not rigorously testable. During the last 10 years, cladistic analysis has been applied to ammonites but is still unpopular among ammonitologists. However, studies have consistently shown that cladistics is not as unsuited a tool for ammonites phylogenetic reconstruction as is widely believed. Moreover, classical works open new questions about ammonite phylogeny and in particular, help to reappraise our view on the definition of morphological characters and their phylogenetic significance.

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Revised classification of the New World Cylapini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae): taxonomic review of the genera Cylapinus, Cylapoides and Peltidocylapus and a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of tribe Cylapini

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.5074.1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5074 (1) ◽

pp. 1-66

Author(s):

ANDRZEJ WOLSKI

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽

Taxonomic Review ◽

Outgroup Species ◽

Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽

First Time

Cylapini, as currently circumscribed, is a relatively small group of plant bugs currently comprising 17 genera and 65 species. Most representatives of the tribe are distributed in the New World (10 genera and 47 species) with other members occurring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian regions. They have primarily tropical and subtropical distributions with only a few members inhabiting temperate regions. This paper provides a taxonomic review of three of the New World Cylapini genera: Cylapinus Carvalho, 1986, Cylapoides Carvalho, 1952, and Peltidocylapus Poppius, 1909. Most species are diagnosed and redescribed. Eight new species are described as new: Cylapinus yasunagai sp. nov., Peltidocylapus calyciformis sp. nov., P. caudatus sp. nov., P. ecuadorensis sp. nov., P. pallidus sp. nov., P. parallelus sp. nov., P. simplex sp. nov., and P. spinosus sp. nov. Cylapus festinabundus Bergroth, 1922 is transferred to Peltidocylapus (comb. nov.). Illustrations of male genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of selected structures of certain species, and an identification key of the genera Cylapinus, Cylapoides and Peltidocylapus are provided. Female genitalia are described and illustrated for the first time for most genera of Cylapini. A cladistic analysis of the tribe based on 81 morphological characters is presented as a contribution to the understanding of the ingroup relationships of Cylapini and its relationships with other groups of Cylapinae. The analysis comprises 30 ingroup species and 15 outgroup species. Both equal- and implied weighting parsimony analyses were used in the phylogenetic reconstruction. This analysis was based solely on morphological characters because an insufficient number of specimens suitable for molecular studies were available for most taxa. The study confirmed a close affinity of the taxa currently included in Cylapini, but the tribe was rendered paraphyletic by inclusion of the tribe Vanniini. The grouping comprising both Cylapini + Vanniini and most of its subordinated clades received low nodal support. Both analyses recovered a decisively supported clade comprising the New World genera Amapacylapus, Cylapus, Peltidocylapus, and Valdasus which accommodate most of the Cylapini species, justifying the recognition of the Cylapus complex suggested by previous authors. The results presented here are discussed and compared with previous phylogenetic hypotheses based on different datasets.

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Overview of the Genetic Diversity of African Macrotermes (Termitidae: Macrotermitinae) and Implications for Taxonomy, Ecology and Food Science

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12060518 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 518

Author(s):

Bronwyn Egan ◽

Zwannda Nethavhani ◽

Barbara van Asch

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Food Science ◽

Cryptic Diversity ◽

African Species ◽

Genetic Groups ◽

Wide Range ◽

Coi Sequences ◽

High Level

Macrotermes termites play important ecological roles and are consumed by many communities as a delicacy and dietary complement throughout Africa. However, lack of reliable morphological characters has hampered studies of Macrotermes diversity in a wide range of scientific fields including ecology, phylogenetics and food science. In order to place our preliminary assessment of the diversity of Macrotermes in South Africa in context, we analysed a comprehensive dataset of COI sequences for African species including new and publicly available data. Phylogenetic reconstruction and estimates of genetic divergence showed a high level of incongruity between species names and genetic groups, as well as several instances of cryptic diversity. We identified three main clades and 17 genetic groups in the dataset. We propose that this structure be used as a background for future surveys of Macrotermes diversity in Africa, thus mitigating the negative impact of the present taxonomic uncertainties in the genus. The new specimens collected in Limpopo fell into four distinct genetic groups, suggesting that the region harbours remarkable Macrotermes diversity relative to other African regions surveyed in previous studies. This work shows that African Macrotermes have been understudied across the continent, and that the genus contains cryptic diversity undetectable by classic taxonomy. Furthermore, these results may inform future taxonomic revisions in Macrotermes, thus contributing to advances in termitology.

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Cytogenetic and sequence comparison of adultPhyllodistomum(Digenea: Gorgoderidae) from the three-spined stickleback with larvae from two bivalves

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182004006109 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 129 (6) ◽

pp. 771-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R. PETKEVIČIŪTĖ ◽

V. STUNŽĖNAS ◽

G. STANEVIČIŪTĖ

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Its Region ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Chromosome Morphology ◽

Published Data ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Rdna Sequences ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

High Level

Due to the low informative value of available morphological characters, cytogenetic and molecular methods, based on rDNA sequencing, were used to characterize adult and larval stages ofPhyllodistomumspp. Species studied have 18 chromosomes with comparable absolute and relative lengths. Conventional Giemsa staining and karyometric analysis revealed clear differences in chromosome morphology of larvalPhyllodistomumspp. infecting two bivalve host species,Sphaerium corneumandPisidium amnicum. However, karyotypes of adultP. foliumfrom three-spined sticklebacks and larval stages fromS. corneumappear almost identical both with respect to the relative lengths and centromeric indices of the corresponding chromosome pairs. The entire internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2) and the D1-D3 region of 28S gene were sequenced and compared. Again, sufficient differences were observed between larvalPhyllodistomumspp., while adultP. foliumand larvae fromS. corneumshowed a high level of similarity. So, both cytogenetic and molecular data support the suggestion that they represent developmental stages of the same species. The results were compared with published data obtained by cytogenetic and molecular studies on the otherPhyllodistomumspecies. Differences revealed in karyotype and rDNA sequences leads to the conclusion that the cercariaeum ofP. foliumsensu Sinitsin, 1905 could not be regarded as the larva of adultP. foliumfrom three-spined stickleback.

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Phylogeny, Molecules Versus Morphology, and Rates of Character Evolution Among Fruitbats (Chiroptera: Megachiroptera)

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9950557 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 557 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

MS Springer ◽

LJ Hollar ◽

JAW Kirsch

Keyword(s):

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Strong Support ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Character Evolution ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Minimum Length ◽

Data Set ◽

Dna Hybridisation ◽

Phylogenetic Hypotheses

Andersen's 1912 monograph on megachiropterans remains the definitive work on the systematics of this group. Andersen argued that the Macroglossinae, containing the eonycterine and notopterine sections, are a monophyletic sister-group to other fruitbats (i.e. Andersen's Rousettus, Cynopterus and Epomophorus sections). Two recent molecular studies (DNA hybridisation and restriction mapping of ribosomal cistrons), as well as an analysis of female reproductive characters, challenge the monophyly of the Macroglossinae and several of Andersen's other conclusions such as the phylogenetic position of Nyctimene. We performed a cladistic analysis on 36 morphological characters, including 33 that were gleaned from Andersen, to determine whether phylogenetic hypotheses based on modem phylogenetic methods are in agreement with Andersen's original conclusions and to compare morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses. Minimum-length trees based on parsimony are largely consistent with Andersen and support (1) a monophyletic Macroglossinae, within which the eonycterine section is paraphyletic with respect to a monophyletic notopterine section, (2) a monophyletic Cynopterus section, excepting the exclusion of Myonycteris, (3) a monophyletic Epomophorus section, excepting the exclusion of Plerotes, and (4) a paraphyletic Rousettus section, with several of the Rousettus-like forms branching off near the base of the tree. Bootstrapping analyses on a reduced data-set that included taxa shared in common with the DNA hybridisation study did not provide strong support (greater than or equal to 95%) for any clades but did provide moderate support (greater than or equal to 70) for several clades, including a monophyletic Macroglossinae. These findings are in marked contrast to the DNA hybridisation phylogeny. A high index of between-data-set incongruence is further evidence for the clash between DNA hybridisation and morphology. A phylogenetic framework was constructed on the basis of morphological data and DNA hybridisation data using a criterion of moderate support and shows little resolution, whereas employing a criterion of strong support produced a framework resolving several additional nodes. One implication of this framework is that characteristic macroglossine features such as a long tongue with a thick carpet of filiform papillae have evolved independently on several occasions (or evolved once and were lost several times). Rates of character evolution for the morphological characters employed in our analysis were calculated using divergence times estimated from DNA hybridisation data. Rates have apparently been fastest in the interior branches, and slower along the external branches, which suggests an early adaptive radiation in the history of fruitbats.

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Cladistic analysis of the europtantic Nemerteans (Nemertea : Hoplonemertea)

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/it9951211 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1211 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

MS Harlin ◽

P Sundberg

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Identification Key

A phylogeny for the 34 species we consider well enough described in the suborder Eureptantia (phylum Nemertea) is inferred by cladistic analysis based on 38 morphological characters. The phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that many previously recognised genera and families are paraphyletic. These findings are discussed and compared with earlier classifications. We also present an identification key to the species based on the cladistic analysis.

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Molecular phylogeny of the grasshopper family Pyrgomorphidae (Caelifera, Orthoptera) reveals rampant paraphyly and convergence of traditionally used taxonomic characters

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4969.1.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4969 (1) ◽

pp. 101-118

Author(s):

SUNDUS ZAHID ◽

RICARDO MARIÑO-PÉREZ ◽

HOJUN SONG

Keyword(s):

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Classification Scheme ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Large Degree ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Character State ◽

Important Species ◽

Natural Classification ◽

Genome Data ◽

Ancestral Character State

The grasshopper family Pyrgomorphidae is one of the most colorful orthopteran lineages, and includes biologically fascinating and culturally important species. Recent attempts to reconstruct the phylogeny of this family have resulted in a large degree of conflicts between a morphology-based study and a molecular-based study, mainly due to convergent morphological traits that affected phylogenetic reconstruction. In this study, a molecular phylogeny of Pyrgomorphidae based on 32 ingroup species and mitochondrial genome data is proposed, which is used to test the monophyly of the taxonomic groupings used in the current classification scheme. Using the ancestral character state reconstruction analyses and character mapping, we demonstrate that some of the morphological characters, including the male genitalia, which were considered to be taxonomically important, have evolved convergently across the phylogeny. We discuss the discrepancies between our phylogeny and the previous studies and propose an approach to establish a natural classification scheme for Pyrgomorphidae.

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Systematics, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Pentagonaster clade (Asteroidea:Valvatida:Goniasteridae)

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/is06049 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 311 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Christopher Mah

Keyword(s):

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Valid Species ◽

Adult Size ◽

Fossil Species ◽

The Pacific ◽

La Meseta Formation ◽

Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽

Three New Species ◽

Cope’S Rule

Morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses developed for living and fossil goniasterid asteroids have provided several unique opportunities to study bathymetric and biogeographic shifts for an ecologically important group of prominent, megafaunal invertebrates. A cladistic analysis of 18 ingroup taxa employing 65 morphological characters resulted in a single most parsimonious tree. The tree supports assignment of the Atlantic Tosia parva (Perrier, 1881) and the Pacific Tosia queenslandensis Livingstone, 1932 to new, separate genera. The phylogenetic tree supports offshore to onshore bathymetric shifts between basal and derived taxa. The phylogeny is also consistent with historical events surrounding the separation of Antarctica from Australia and South Africa. Buterminaster Blake & Zinsmeister, 1988 from the Eocene La Meseta Formation, Antarctic Peninsula, was included in the phylogenetic analysis and is now supported as the only fossil species in the genus Pentagonaster Gray, 1840. Pentagonaster stibarus H. L. Clark, 1914 is separated from synonymy with P. dubeni Gray, 1847 and resurrected as a valid species. The new genus, Akelbaster, gen. nov., shows unusual new structures that resemble cribiform organs, although their function has not been determined. One specific ingroup lineage, including Tosia and Pentagonaster, attains a much larger adult size than those of its sister-taxa, suggesting that Cope’s rule may apply to asteroids within this clade. Pentagonaster and related genera are revised. Descriptions of four new genera and three new species are presented, including: Akelbaster novaecaledoniae, gen. nov., sp. nov., Ryukuaster onnae, gen. nov., sp. nov., Eknomiaster beccae, sp. nov., Pawsonaster parvus, gen. nov., comb. nov. and Anchitosia queenslandensis, gen. nov., comb. nov.

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