Cladistic analysis of the europtantic Nemerteans (Nemertea : Hoplonemertea)

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Harlin ◽  
P Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key

A phylogeny for the 34 species we consider well enough described in the suborder Eureptantia (phylum Nemertea) is inferred by cladistic analysis based on 38 morphological characters. The phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that many previously recognised genera and families are paraphyletic. These findings are discussed and compared with earlier classifications. We also present an identification key to the species based on the cladistic analysis.

Ammonites phylogenetic analysis: state of the art and new prospects

2004 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Rouget ◽  
Pascal Neigeet ◽  
Jean-Louis Dommergues
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Concepts ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Iterative Evolution

Abstract Two main types of data are available to resolve phylogenies using fossils data: (1) stratigraphic ordering of taxa, and (2) morphological characters. In most phylogenetic studies dealing with ammonites, authors have given priority to the stratigraphic distribution of taxa. This practice is classically justified by the fact that the ammonite fossil record is frequently outstandingly good. In practice, the level of integration of stratigraphic and morphologic information in a single analysis depends on the confidence that authors have in the quality of data. Besides, many evolutionary concepts, which could differ over time and between authors (e.g. anagenesis, cladogenesis, iterative evolution), are added to these data to help infer phylogenetic relationships. As a result, phylogenetic hypotheses are based on eclectic methods which depend on the relative weight given to stratigraphic and morphologic information as well as on evolutionary concepts used. The validity of relationships proposed by previous authors is not dealt with in this paper. Instead, our goal is to draw attention to problems that these eclectic methods may cause, that is to say: (1) ammonites systematics is poorly formalised and (2) phylogenetic hypotheses as they are classically constructed are not rigorously testable. During the last 10 years, cladistic analysis has been applied to ammonites but is still unpopular among ammonitologists. However, studies have consistently shown that cladistics is not as unsuited a tool for ammonites phylogenetic reconstruction as is widely believed. Moreover, classical works open new questions about ammonite phylogeny and in particular, help to reappraise our view on the definition of morphological characters and their phylogenetic significance.

Let’s make Pulvigera great again: re-circumscription of a misunderstood group of Orthotrichaceae that diversified in North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Lara ◽  
Isabel Draper ◽  
Maren Flagmeier ◽  
Juan Antonio Calleja ◽  
Vicente Mazimpaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Marquesas Islands ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Taxonomic Framework

Abstract Orthotrichum lyellii was described in 1878 based on the crisped leaves with plane margins on its elongated and branched stems, and on the presence of brood-bodies. In Europe, these characters remain constant, but in North America several similar forms lacking propagules have been described either at the specific or infraspecific level. These were all reduced to synonyms of O. lyellii. In 2015, Orthotrichum was divided, and O. lyellii was transferred to Pulvigera, a genus thus far considered to be monospecific. In this study, the variability of P. lyellii is analysed in an integrative taxonomic framework. Morphological studies on > 200 specimens, including the nomenclatural types of the taxa previously described, were combined with biogeographical and ecological evidence and with a phylogenetic reconstruction of 39 terminals based on five molecular loci. All the sources of evidence suggest the existence of four different taxa in North America, one also present on the Marquesas Islands. The study of type materials led to their identification as P. lyellii and three other taxa previously described from North America, Orthotrichum papillosum, O. lyellii var. howei and O. pringlei. These taxa differ from each other in taxonomically significant morphological characters of the gametophyte and sporophyte. The morphological diversity has led us to reinterpret Pulvigera, and to amend its description. Nomenclatural changes for the reinstated taxa are proposed, and full descriptions and an identification key for Pulvigera spp. in North America are provided.

scholarly journals Neurostigma (Psocodea: Psocomorpha: Epipsocidae) from Colombia: new species and an identification key

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Ranulfo González-Obando ◽  
Nancy Carrejo-Gironza ◽  
Julián Mendivil-Nieto ◽  
Alfonso Neri García Alderete
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Natural Areas

Upon examination of recently collected epipsocid barklice from natural areas of Colombia, five new species of Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 were found: N. lienhardi sp. nov., N. mockfordi sp. nov., N. newi sp. nov., N. thorntoni sp. nov., and N. valderramae sp. nov. They are here described and illustrated. A cladistic analysis of 32 morphological characters indicates that Neurostigma is monophyletic. An updated key for the identification of males of the described species of the genus is presented.

Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Manuel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Calcareous Sponges ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Phylogeny And Evolution ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

The most recent advances concerning the phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges (Calcarea or Calcispongia) are reviewed here, in the light of the history of taxonomy of the group and conceptions about its evolution, starting from Haeckel's works at the end of the 19th century. Calcisponge phylogeny has recently started to be addressed using modern tools of phylogenetic reconstruction: cladistic analysis of morphological characters and molecular phylogeny (so far using 18S and 28S rDNA sequences). The monophyly of calcareous sponges is strongly supported in these works, as is their subdivision into two clades, Calcinea (whose proposed synapomorphy is the basal position of nuclei in choanocytes, with no relation to the flagella) and Calcaronea (whose possible synapomorphy is the formation of the amphiblastula larva through the original process of eversion of the stomoblastula). While the molecular phylogeny of Calcinea is still in its infancy because of insufficient taxonomic sampling, several lines are emerging for the phylogeny of Calcaronea, and these are in strong disagreement with the classification issued from the "traditional" morphological approach. Phylogenetic hypotheses also permit the reconstruction of morphological character evolution, which appears complex and subject to a high level of homoplasy.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the World species of the genus Ischnopoda Stephens, 1837(Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1179 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRZEGORZ PA–NIK
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
New Combination ◽  
World Species ◽  
Parsimonious Tree ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
The World ◽  
Eleven Species

The World species of the genus Ischnopoda, Stephens are revised and the genus is redefined. The genera Amanota Casey and Rechota Sharp are considered as new synonyms of Ischnopoda. The revised Ischnopoda includes thirty-eight species, 13 of which are described as new: Ischnopoda assingi sp. n., I. boliviana sp. n., I. brasiliana sp. n., I. chilensis sp. n., I. depressa sp. n., I. drugmandi sp. n., I. lingshani sp. n., I. nebulosa sp. n., I. pretiosa sp. n., I. pseudobasalis sp. n., I. rugosa sp. n., I. schuelkei sp. n. and I. spissata sp. n. The following new synonymies are proposed (each first name being valid): Ischnopoda basalis (Cameron, 1923) = Amanota bimarginata Pace, 1996, syn. n.; I. capensis (Casey, 1906) = Falagria arachnipes Fauvel, 1907, syn. n. = Amanota densicollis Pace, 1986, syn. n. = A. rufobrunnea Tottenham, 1957, syn. n.; Ischnopoda rudicollis (Bernhauer, 1934) = Amanota purpurascens Tottenham, 1957, syn. n. = A. wittei Cameron, 1950, syn. n. The following synonym is confirmed: I. leucopus (Marsham, 1802) = Tachyusa chalybea Erichson, 1839. Lectotypes are designated for Amanota capensis Casey, A. semiopaca Cameron, Ischnopoda subaenea Eppelsheim, Rechota impressa Sharp, Staphylinus leucopus Marsham, Tachyusa abyssina Bernhauer, T. burgeoni Bernhauer, T. chalybea Erichson, T. fissicollis Fairmaire et Germain, T. rudicollis Bernhauer, T. scitula Erichson, T. seticornis Sharp, T. sparsa Sharp and T. umbratica Erichson. Twenty-one species are given in new combination. All species are briefly described/redescribed and illustrated. An identification key to the World species of Ischnopoda is provided. A phylogeny of thirty-eight species belonging to the genus Ischnopoda is proposed, based on fifty-two morphological characters. The cladistic analysis provides a single most parsimonious tree. The genus Ischnopoda is redefined and species group are introduced and defined: leucopus group (eleven species), impressa group (nine species) and capensis group (eighteen species).

scholarly journals On the dumping ground genus Scotaena Klug, 1810 (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Thynninae): Phylogeny, taxonomy and geographic distribution

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4399 (4) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARNIMEO ◽  
FERNANDO BARBOSA NOLL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Equal Weighting

The Neotropical thynnine genus Scotaena is revised and a cladistic analysis is presented. The analysis, conducted from 75 morphological characters of 31 terminal taxa, returned a single tree under equal weighting. The monophyly of Scotaena was not recovered. Three new genera and five new species are described: Kaysara gen. nov., Pseudoscotaena gen. nov. and Pampathynnus gen. nov., Scotaena reversa sp. nov., Kaysara laterolata sp. nov., Kaysara apiciconcava sp. nov., Kaysara marginoplicata sp. nov. and Kaysara levicrenata sp. nov. Three species are transferred to other genera as follows: Eucyrtothynnus rosenbergi (Turner, 1910) comb. nov., Glottynoides genisei Kimsey, 1991 comb. nov., Ornepetes clypearis Durán-Moya, 1941 comb. nov. Scotaena now comprises four species: S. trifasciata Klug, 1810; S. horni (Turner, 1927); S. vetusta Turner, 1909; and S. reversa. An identification key and geographical distribution maps for the studied species are also provided. 

Revision of the bee genus Thectochlora Moure (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1331 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RODRIGO B. GONÇALVES ◽  
GABRIEL A.R. MELO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Three New Species

The genus Thectochlora Moure has been treated as containing only a single species. Based on morphological characters, five species are here recognized: T. alaris (Vachal, 1904), the type-species of Thectochlora; T. basiatra (Strand, 1910) new combination, previously placed in Pseudaugochlora; and three new species, T. brachycera new species (Brazil and Guiana), T. hamata new species (Brazil and Uruguay) and T. mixta new species (Brazil). A male syntype of Augochloropsis (Pseudaugochloropsis) basiatra Strand, 1910, from Paraguay (Villa Morra), is here designated lectotype in order to stabilize the taxonomy of the group. The species of Thectochlora are distinguished based mainly in the males; females of T. alaris and T. basiatra were considered indistinguishable. An identification key, cladistic analysis, maps of geographic records and illustrations are presented.

A revision of the World species of the genus Tachyusa Erichson, 1837 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1146 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRZEGORZ PA–NIK
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
World Species ◽  
The World

The World species of the genus Tachyusa, Erichson are revised and the genus is redefined. Tachyusilla and Tachyusota are placed in synonymy with Tachyusa. The revised Tachyusa includes 53 species, 16 of which are described as new: T. americanoides sp. n., T. bertiae sp. n., T. coarctatoides sp. n., T. hammondi sp. n., T. harbinica sp. n., T. krugeri sp. n., T. loebli sp. n., T. mindoroensis sp. n., T. nilensis sp. n., T. pseudosulciventris sp. n., T. riftensis sp. n., T. schawalleri sp. n., T. schillhammeri sp. n., T. smetanai sp. n., T. testacea sp. n. and T. turcica sp. n. The following new synonymies are proposed (each first name being valid): Tachyusa nitella Fauvel, 1895 = Tachyusa jonica Scheerpeltz, 1958, syn. nov., T. arida Casey, 1906 = T. ohioana Casey, 1911, syn. n.; T. elegans Cameron, 1939 = T. singalorum Pace, 1987, syn. n.; T. nitidula Mulsant & Rey, 1875 = T. iberica Fagel, 1957, syn. n.; T. obsoleta Casey, 1906 = T. pruinosa Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. dakotana Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. subaluatacea Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. parviceps Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. missouriana Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. illini Casey, 1906, syn. n.; T. orientis Bernhauer, 1938 = T. reitteri Bernhauer, 1938, syn. n., = T. chinensis Pace, 1990, syn. n.; T. wei Pace, 1990 = T. hebeiensis Pace, 1998, syn. n. The following synonymies are confirmed: T. americana Casey, 1906 = T. meraca Casey, 1911, = T. silvatica Casey, 1911; T. balteata Erichson, 1839 = T. balteata elongata Kolenati, 1846; T. cavicollis LeConte, 1863 = T. carolinae Casey, 1906; T. coarctata Erichson, 1837 = T. coarctata cyanea Kraatz, 1856; T. faceta Casey, 1885 = T. vespertina Casey, 1906, = T. vaciva Casey, 1911; T. ferialis Erichson, 1839 = T. bicolor Mulsant & Rey, 1875; T. gracillima LeConte, 1863 = T. smithi Casey, 1906, = T. virginica Casey, 1911; T. nitidula Mulsant & Rey, 1875 = T. ventralis Fauvel, 1898; T. schuberti Jacobson, 1909 = T. bicolor Schubert, 1906, nom. preoc. A neotype is designated for Tachyusa nitella Fauvel, 1895. Both Tachyusa impressa Eppelsheim, 1877 and T. flavolimbata Eppelsheim, 1877, previously considered junior synonyms of T. agilis Baudi, 1869, and T. concinna Heer, 1838, previously considered a junior synonym of T. coarctata Erichson, 1937, are recognised as valid. All species are briefly described/redescribed and illustrated. An identification key to the World species of Tachyusa is provided. A phylogeny of fifty-three species belonging to the genus Tachyusa is proposed, based on fifty-six morphological characters. Cladistic analysis revealed the monophyly of the genus with two major clades.

Revised classification of the New World Cylapini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae): taxonomic review of the genera Cylapinus, Cylapoides and Peltidocylapus and a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of tribe Cylapini

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5074 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-66
Author(s):  
ANDRZEJ WOLSKI
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time

Cylapini, as currently circumscribed, is a relatively small group of plant bugs currently comprising 17 genera and 65 species. Most representatives of the tribe are distributed in the New World (10 genera and 47 species) with other members occurring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian regions. They have primarily tropical and subtropical distributions with only a few members inhabiting temperate regions. This paper provides a taxonomic review of three of the New World Cylapini genera: Cylapinus Carvalho, 1986, Cylapoides Carvalho, 1952, and Peltidocylapus Poppius, 1909. Most species are diagnosed and redescribed. Eight new species are described as new: Cylapinus yasunagai sp. nov., Peltidocylapus calyciformis sp. nov., P. caudatus sp. nov., P. ecuadorensis sp. nov., P. pallidus sp. nov., P. parallelus sp. nov., P. simplex sp. nov., and P. spinosus sp. nov. Cylapus festinabundus Bergroth, 1922 is transferred to Peltidocylapus (comb. nov.). Illustrations of male genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of selected structures of certain species, and an identification key of the genera Cylapinus, Cylapoides and Peltidocylapus are provided. Female genitalia are described and illustrated for the first time for most genera of Cylapini. A cladistic analysis of the tribe based on 81 morphological characters is presented as a contribution to the understanding of the ingroup relationships of Cylapini and its relationships with other groups of Cylapinae. The analysis comprises 30 ingroup species and 15 outgroup species. Both equal- and implied weighting parsimony analyses were used in the phylogenetic reconstruction. This analysis was based solely on morphological characters because an insufficient number of specimens suitable for molecular studies were available for most taxa. The study confirmed a close affinity of the taxa currently included in Cylapini, but the tribe was rendered paraphyletic by inclusion of the tribe Vanniini. The grouping comprising both Cylapini + Vanniini and most of its subordinated clades received low nodal support. Both analyses recovered a decisively supported clade comprising the New World genera Amapacylapus, Cylapus, Peltidocylapus, and Valdasus which accommodate most of the Cylapini species, justifying the recognition of the Cylapus complex suggested by previous authors. The results presented here are discussed and compared with previous phylogenetic hypotheses based on different datasets.  

A cladistic analysis and reclassification of the tribe Bembicini (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Bembicinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2801 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAVEL G. NEMKOV ◽  
MICHAEL OHL
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Strict Consensus Tree ◽  
Digger Wasp ◽  
Genus Level

A cladistic analysis of the digger wasp tribe Bembicini based on morphological characters is presented. The underlying data matrix comprises 64 terminal taxa (coded on genus-level) and 54 morphological characters. The resulting strict consensus tree was used as the basis for a revised subtribal classification of the Bembicini. Based on a previously published classification, we herewith propose a number of changes. The subtribe Spheciina Nemkov and Ohl, subtrib. nov. (comprising Ammatomus A. Costa 1859, Kohlia Handlirsch 1895, Sphecius Dahlbom 1843, and Tanyoprymnus Cameron 1905) is removed from Handlirschiina Nemkov and Lelej 1996. The subtribe Stictiellina Bohart and Horning 1971, stat. resurr. (composed of Chilostictia Gillaspy 1983, Glenostictia Gillaspy in Gillaspy, Evans, and Lin 1962, Microstictia Gillaspy 1963, Steniolia Say 1837, Stictiella J. Parker 1917, and Xerostictia Gillaspy 1963) is separated from Bembicina Latreille 1802. The subtribe Argogorytina Nemkov and Lelej 1996 (Argogorytes Ashmead 1899, Neogorytes Bohart in Bohart and Menke 1976, Paraphilanthus Vardy 1995) is synonymized with Exeirina Dalla Torre 1897, syn. nov. Finally, the subtribe Trichogorytina Nemkov and Pulawski 2009 (genus Trichogorytes Rohwer 1912 only) is synonymized with Gorytina Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau 1845, syn. nov. An updated identification key to the subtribes of the Bembicini is provided.

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