Species-level differentiation of two cryptic species pairs of wild cavies, genera Cavia and Galea, with a discussion of the relationship between social systems and phylogeny in the Caviinae

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Trillmich ◽  
Cornelia Kraus ◽  
Joachim Künkele ◽  
Matthias Asher ◽  
Mario Clara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Base Pair ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mitochondrial Rna ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cavia Aperea

Two little-known species of guinea-pig from the genera Cavia and Galea (Cavia magna Ximénez, 1980 and Galea sp. nov.) have recently been studied in more detail with respect to their behavior, social structure, and mating system. To determine the specific distinctness of these little-known species from Cavia aperea Erxleben, 1777 and Galea musteloides Meyen, 1832, crossbreeding between species was tried and it demonstrated that the two Cavia species will rarely cross in captivity to produce hybrids of much reduced fertility, whereas the Galea species could not be crossed. To analyze the phylogenetic position of C. magna and Galea sp. nov., we present an analysis based on major parts of the 12S (778 base pair) and 16S genes of mitochondrial RNA (1435 base pair) in conjunction with corresponding data on all other genera of the Caviinae. We also determined the relationship between C. magna and the sympatric wild guinea-pig (C. aperea) and its domestic form (Cavia aperea f. porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758)). Phylogenetic and distance analysis of all genera of cavies (Cavia (two species), Galea (two species), Kerodon, Microcavia) showed the close relationship of C. magna with C. aperea and the latter's particularly low genetic distance to C. aperea f. porcellus. Galea sp. nov. differed markedly from G. musteloides. Of the three genera, Galea appears most distinct. The genus Kerodon clustered with the genus Hydrochaeris, supporting the previous conclusion by Rowe and Honeycutt (2002. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 263–277) regarding the placement of the genus Hydrochaeris within the Caviidae. Recently published data on the social systems of the above-mentioned cavy species, however, show their great inter- and intra-specific social flexibility and contradict the interpretation of the same authors about a simple relationship between phylogeny and social systems in the Caviidae.

Prediction of Archie’s cementation factor from porosity and permeability through specific surface

Geophysics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. E81-E87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casper Olsen ◽  
Thanong Hongdul ◽  
Ida Lykke Fabricius
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Cementation Factor ◽  
The Relationship

Based on Archie’s cementation factor as measured on North Sea chalk and on published data, we explore how the cementation factor depends on other physical properties of the chalk. A relationship between cementation factor and specific surface with respect to bulk volume is obtained for chalk. This leads to how Archie’s cementation factor may be predicted from porosity and permeability for chalk as well as for sandstone. A common relationship between cementation factor and specific surface with respect to bulk volume calculated from porosity and permeability is obtained. As an alternative, the [Formula: see text]-factor in Archie’s equation is related to specific surface with respect to bulk volume, but the relationship is less clear than the simple relationship between cementation factor and specific surface.

scholarly journals A simple relationship for the spectro-temporal structure of bursts from FRB 121102

2020 ◽  
Vol 498 (4) ◽  
pp. 4936-4942
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Rajabi ◽  
Mohammed A Chamma ◽  
Christopher M Wyenberg ◽  
Abhilash Mathews ◽  
Martin Houde
Keyword(s):  
Arrival Time ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Frequency Drift ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Radio Bursts ◽  
Band Emission ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT We consider a simple dynamical and relativistic model to explain the spectro-temporal structure often displayed by repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs). We show how this model can account for the downward frequency drift in a sequence of sub-bursts of increasing arrival time (the ‘sad trombone’ effect) and their tendency for exhibiting a reduced pulse width with increasing frequency of observation. Most importantly, this model also predicts a systematic inverse relationship between the (steeper) slope of the frequency drift observed within a single sub-burst and its temporal duration. Using already published data for FRB 121102, we find and verify the relationship predicted by this model. We therefore argue that the overall behaviour observed for this object as a function of frequency is consistent with an underlying narrow-band emission process, where the wide-band nature of the measured FRB spectrum is due to relativistic motions. Although this scenario and the simple dynamics we consider could be applied to other theories, they are well suited for a model based upon Dicke’s superradiance as the physical process responsible for FRB radiation in this and similar sources.

scholarly journals Intraspecific Latitudinal Variation in Nest Orientation Among Ground-Nesting Passerines: A Study Using Published Data

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall H.K. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Nest Entrance ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
European Species ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Nest Microclimate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ground Nesting

Abstract The relationship between nest entrance orientation and latitude among ground-nesting passerines was reviewed using published information. Data were collated for seven North American and European species. Pooling within-species comparisons, there was a clear trend from a preference for north-facing nests at lower latitudes to eastward- or southward-facing nests farther north. Orientations differed significantly in eight of 12 cases for which statistical comparison was possible, means differing in the expected direction in six of these cases. These results highlight how the influence of solar radiation on nest microclimate typically delineates preferred nest orientation in these species, i.e., at lower latitudes, the need for shade results in a preference for northward orientations; at mid latitudes, eastward orientations predominate, reflecting a probable balance between the benefits of warmth in the early morning and shade in the afternoon; while at high latitudes, nests may be oriented southward to gain warmth throughout the day.

Calcium channels and excitation–contraction coupling in cardiac cells. I. Two components of contraction in guinea-pig papillary muscle

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1821-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Honoré ◽  
M. M. Adamantidis ◽  
B. A. Dupuis ◽  
C. E. Challice ◽  
P. Guilbault
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Papillary Muscle ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Tonic Component ◽  
Contraction Coupling ◽  
Rich Solution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Guinea Pig Atria

Biphasic contractions have been obtained in guinea-pig papillary muscle by inducing partial depolarization in K+-rich solution (17 mM) containing 0.3 μM isoproterenol; whereas in guinea-pig atria, the same conditions led to monophasic contractions corresponding to the first component of contraction in papillary muscle. The relationships between the amplitude of the two components of the biphasic contraction and the resting membrane potential were sigmoidal curves. The first component of contraction was inactivated for membrane potentials less positive than those for the second component. In Na+-low solution (25 mM), biphasic contraction became monophasic subsequent to the loss of the second component, but tetraethylammonium unmasked the second component of contraction. The relationship between the amplitude of the first component of contraction and the logarithm of extracellular Ca2+ concentration was complex, whereas for the second component it was linear. When Ca2+ ions were replaced by Sr2+ ions, only the second component of contraction was observed. It is suggested that the first component of contraction may be triggered by a Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, induced by the fast inward Ca2+ current and (or) by the depolarization. The second component of contraction may be due to a direct activation of contractile proteins by Ca2+ entering the cell along with the slow inward Ca2+ current and diffusing through the sarcoplasm. These results do not exclude the existence of a third "tonic" component, which could possibly be mixed with the second component of contraction.

Inter-tissue differences in mitochondrial enzyme activity, RNA and DNA in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (24) ◽  
pp. 3377-3384 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Leary ◽  
B. J. Battersby ◽  
C. D. Moyes
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Mitochondrial Rna ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
The Relationship

We examined whether the relationships between mitochondrial enzyme activity, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) were conserved in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues that differ widely in their metabolic and molecular organization. The activity of citrate synthase (CS), expressed either per gram of tissue or per milligram of total DNA, indicated that these tissues (blood, brain, kidney, liver,cardiac, red and white muscles) varied more than 100-fold in mitochondrial content. Several-fold differences in the levels of CS mRNA per milligram of DNA and CS activity per CS mRNA were also observed, suggesting that fundamental differences exist in the regulation of CS levels across tissues. Although tissues varied 14-fold in RNA g-1, poly(A+) RNA (mRNA)was approximately 2 % of total RNA in all tissues. DNA g-1 also varied 14-fold across tissues, but RNA:DNA ratios varied only 2.5-fold. The relationship between two mitochondrial mRNA species (COX I, ATPase VI) and one mitochondrial rRNA (16S) species was constant across tissues. The ratio of mtRNA to mtDNA was also preserved across most tissues; red and white muscle had 10- to 20-fold lower levels of mtDNA g-1 but 7- to 10-fold higher mtRNA:mtDNA ratios, respectively. Collectively, these data suggest that the relationship between mitochondrial parameters is highly conserved across most tissues, but that skeletal muscles differ in a number of important aspects of respiratory gene expression ('respiratory genes'include genes located on mtDNA and genes located in the nucleus that encode mitochondrial protein) and mtDNA transcriptional regulation.

scholarly journals Are In Vitro Susceptibilities to Azole Antifungals Predictive of Clinical Outcome in the Treatment of Candidemia?

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Twisha S. Patel ◽  
Peggy L. Carver ◽  
Gregory A. Eschenauer
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clinical Breakpoints ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The purpose of this review is to critically analyze published data evaluating the impact of azole pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, MICs, and Candida species on clinical outcomes in patients with candidemia. Clinical breakpoints (CBPs) for fluconazole and voriconazole, which are used to determine susceptibility, have been defined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for Candida species. Studies evaluating the relationship between treatment efficacy and in vitro susceptibility, as well as the pharmacodynamic targets, have been conducted in patients treated with fluconazole for candidemia; however, for species other than Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and for other forms of invasive candidiasis, data remain limited and randomized trials are not available. Limited data evaluating these relationships with voriconazole are available. While pharmacodynamic targets for posaconazole and isavuconazole have been proposed based upon studies conducted in murine models, CBPs have not been established by CLSI. Fluconazole remains an important antifungal agent for the treatment of candidemia, and data supporting its use based on in vitro susceptibility are growing, particularly for C. albicans and C. glabrata. Further investigation is needed to establish the roles of voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole in the treatment of candidemia and for all agents in the treatment of other forms of invasive candidiasis.

scholarly journals A Contribution to the Study of Amboceptors and Receptors. Second Communication on Heterologous Immunity to Malignant Mouse Tumours

1916 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-364
Author(s):  
M. Tsurumi
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Sheep Blood ◽  
Heterologous Immunity ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
The Relationship

Since Forssman (1911) discovered a heterologous haemolysin obtained by immunising rabbit against guinea-pig organs—kidney, liver, etc.—and having the property of dissolving sheep blood corpuscles but not those of the guinea-pig, many authors have devoted their time to this subject, and to the elucidation of the relationship between antigen and antibody.

scholarly journals Children with 5′-end NF1 gene mutations are more likely to have glioma

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. e192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Anastasaki ◽  
Stephanie M. Morris ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
David H. Gutmann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Nonsense Mutations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nf1 Gene ◽  
The Relationship

Objective:To ascertain the relationship between the germline NF1 gene mutation and glioma development in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).Methods:The relationship between the type and location of the germline NF1 mutation and the presence of a glioma was analyzed in 37 participants with NF1 from one institution (Washington University School of Medicine [WUSM]) with a clinical diagnosis of NF1. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using both unadjusted and weighted analyses of this data set in combination with 4 previously published data sets.Results:While no statistical significance was observed between the location and type of the NF1 mutation and glioma in the WUSM cohort, power calculations revealed that a sample size of 307 participants would be required to determine the predictive value of the position or type of the NF1 gene mutation. Combining our data set with 4 previously published data sets (n = 310), children with glioma were found to be more likely to harbor 5′-end gene mutations (OR = 2; p = 0.006). Moreover, while not clinically predictive due to insufficient sensitivity and specificity, this association with glioma was stronger for participants with 5′-end truncating (OR = 2.32; p = 0.005) or 5′-end nonsense (OR = 3.93; p = 0.005) mutations relative to those without glioma.Conclusions:Individuals with NF1 and glioma are more likely to harbor nonsense mutations in the 5′ end of the NF1 gene, suggesting that the NF1 mutation may be one predictive factor for glioma in this at-risk population.

Topography and Culture: The Case of the Changing Cage

1957 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara Richards ◽  
Henry Dobyns
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Work Unit ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
The Relationship

This paper deals with a problem long debated by anthropologists—the relationship between environment and culture. We analyze effects of topography on cultural change in situations of contact between two social systems, one more powerful than the other and inclined to enforce its behaviors on the weaker. We do this by examining cultural changes in one work-unit within a large insurance company in the United States.

scholarly journals The Decay of Disease Association with Declining Linkage Disequilibrium: A Fine Mapping Theorem

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Maadooliat ◽  
Naveen K. Bansal ◽  
Jiblal Upadhya ◽  
Manzur R. Farazi ◽  
Zhan Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Fine Mapping ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Disease Association ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Locus System ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSeveral important and fundamental aspects of disease genetics models have yet to be described. One such property is the relationship of disease association statistics at a marker site closely linked to a disease causing site. A complete description of this two-locus system is of particular importance to experimental efforts to fine map association signals for complex diseases. Here, we present a simple relationship between disease association statistics and the decline of linkage disequilibrium from a causal site. A complete derivation of this relationship from a general disease model is shown for very large sample sizes. Quite interestingly, this relationship holds across all modes of inheritance. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations using a disease genetics model applied to chromosomes subjected to a standard model of recombination are employed to better understand the variation around this fine mapping theorem due to sampling effects. We also use this relationship to provide a framework for estimating properties of a non-interrogated causal site using data at closely linked markers. We anticipate that understanding the patterns of disease association decay with declining linkage disequilibrium from a causal site will enable more powerful fine mapping methods.

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