Effect of saline drinking water on the size and water content of the gut and other organs of male and female mallards

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Hughes ◽  
D C Bennett ◽  
T M Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
Hind Gut

Ducks absorb imbibed Na+ and water in the anterior gut and reabsorb Na+ and water from urine refluxed into the hind gut. In Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) this process is sexually disparate: males reflux and reabsorb more water, mainly in the ceca. We examined the effect of saline acclimation on the size of Mallard organs, especially the gut and other osmoregulatory organs (kidneys, salt glands) in both sexes. We tested and accept two hypotheses: (1) saline increases the mass of the Mallard hind gut and other osmoregulatory organs and (2) saline has a greater effect on the organs of males. Drinking saline did not affect the mass of body, kidney, heart, or liver, but increased the mass of the salt glands, ileum, and ceca. Increases in organ mass were greater in males than in females. Saline acclimation increased the length of the jejunum only in males and decreased the length of the esophagus and the length and mass of the proventriculus only in females. Our data suggest that the upper and lower gut segments may play somewhat different roles in ion and water transport in the two sexes.

Retrograde movement of urine into the gut of salt water acclimated Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Hughes ◽  
D C Bennett ◽  
T M Sullivan ◽  
H Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Fluid Content ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The influence of sex and salt-water intake on retrograde movement of urine into the hindgut was examined in captive adult wild Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Ducks were given intravenous injections of tritiated polyethylene glycol (3H-PEG) and killed 3 h later. The fluid content of each gut segment and its concentrations of 3H-PEG, sodium, and potassium were determined. Retrograde movement of urine into each gut segment was estimated from the quantity of 3H-PEG recovered there. In both ducks that drank tap water and those that drank saline, about 20% of the urine was moved into the hindgut, two-thirds of this into the ceca. Males deposited more urine in the ceca and reabsorbed more water from this urine than did females (P < 0.01). We conclude that retrograde movement of urine into the hindgut was unaffected by the salinity of drinking water and was greater in males than in females. Reabsorption of urinary sodium and water in the hindgut, particularly the ceca, may play an important role in osmoregulation in birds with salt glands.

Social experience influences preferences in black ducks and mallards

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1434-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Brodsky ◽  
C. Davison Ankney ◽  
Darrell G. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Potential Mate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females

The influence of social experience on the preferences for a potential mate in a captive population of black ducks, Anas rubripes, and mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, was examined. Birds were reared from hatching with conspecifics (i.e., female black ducks with male black ducks, female mallards with male mallards), or were cross-fostered with the other species (i.e., female black ducks with male mallards, female mallards with male black ducks). Preferences of individuals were tested in a chamber containing caged black ducks and mallards of the opposite sex. In over 90% (100/109) of the trials, males and females preferred the species that they were raised with since hatching, whether they were of the same species or not. These results demonstrate that social experience influences the social preferences of male and female black ducks and mallards.

Transient Water Transport in Nafion Membranes Under Activity Gradients

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Romero ◽  
W. Me´rida
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Membrane Interface ◽  
Rational Representation ◽  
Transport Measurements ◽  
Nafion Membranes ◽  
The Time Domain

Transient water transport experiments on Nafion of different thicknesses were carried out in the temperature range of 30 to 70 °C. These experiments report on water transport measurements under activity gradients in the time domain for liquid and vapour equilibrated Nafion membranes. Using a permeability test rig with a gated valve, the water crossover was measured as a function of time. The typical response is shown as a time dependent flux, and it shows the dynamic transport from an initially dry condition up to the final steady state. Contrarily to previous reports from dynamic water transport measurements, where the activity gradient across the membrane is absent; in this work, the membrane was subjected to an activity gradient acting as the driving force to transport water from an environment with higher water activity to an environment with lower water activity through the membrane’s structure. Measurements explored temperature and membrane thickness variation effect on the transient response. Results showed dependency on temperature and a slower water transport rate across the vapour-membrane interface than for the liquid-membrane interface. These measurements showed the transport dependency on water content at the beginning of the experiment when the membrane was in a close-to-dry condition suggesting a transport phenomenon transition due to a reached critical water content value. The new protocol for transient measurements proposed here will allow the characterization of water transport dependency on membrane water content with a more rational representation of the membrane-environment interface.

scholarly journals The difference in saliva pH before and after brushing with fluoride containing toothpaste and without toothpaste

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Setiawan ◽  
Edeh Rolleta Haroen ◽  
Dede Hadidjah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salivary Ph ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference

In administering fluoride through drinking water there is the risk of overdose, higher cost and inadequate availability of drinking water containing fluoride in developing countries like Indonesia. A safe fluoride source is contained in toothpaste. The purpose of this research was to obtain data concerning difference in saliva pH before and after brushing with toothpaste containing fluoride and without toothpaste. The research method used was the quasi-experimental method. Samples were collected by the way of purposive sampling, conducted on 43 male and female research subjects. The data were analyzed by statistical analysis using the t test at 95% confidence level. In this research a control group consisting of 43 people was used. Research results indicated that the average saliva pH before brushing was 7.174; after brushing with fluoride containing toothpaste salivary pH was 7.593. Result research of brushing without toothpaste showed an average saliva of 7.163 before brushing and 7.379 after brushing without toothpaste. The average changes in saliva pH before and after brushing using fluoride containing toothpaste was 0.216. The conclusion of this research was that there was significant difference in saliva pH before and after brushing with toothpaste containing fluoride; there was significant difference in saliva pH before and after brushing without toothpaste, and there was significant difference in saliva pH before and after brushing with toothpaste containing fluoride and without toothpaste.

Effects of Drugs on Mucus Glycoproteins and Water in Bronchial Secretion

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
T C Medici ◽  
P Radielovic
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Bronchial Mucosa ◽  
Bronchial Secretion ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Bronchial Mucus ◽  
Mucus Glycoproteins

The result of chemical analysis of the bronchial secretion is simple; up to 95% of the secretion is made up of water, and up to 5% is composed of ash, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nitrogen and desoxyribonucleic acid. More complicated is the question of how bronchial secretion is formed and of which active biological components it is composed. Bronchial secretion is the result of the different processes, secretion, transudation, exudation and exfoliation from a highly differentiated bronchial mucosa. To those substances secreted belong, amongst others, constituents important for the flow properties and the transportability of the secretion: the bronchial mucus glycoproteins and water. The bronchial glycoproteins are the most important group, constituting 50–80% of the macromolecules. They are formed and secreted by the bronchial mucosa. The synthesis and secretion of bronchial glycoproteins are influenced by drugs in different ways. Beta-adrenergic stimulants do not alter these processes in in vitro studies on human glands, although an increase in mucus of glycoprotein production has been demonstrated in animal experiments and indirectly in man. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and the methylxanthines stimulate mucus glycoprotein production, anticholinergic agents reduce but do not completely supress this process. Anti-allergic agents do not alter the production of bronchial glycoproteins with the exception of the corticosteroids which partially inhibit the synthesis and secretion. Neither expectorants nor mucolytic agents influence the production of mucus glycoproteins in human bronchial glands as opposed to animal experiments, in which these compounds produce an increase in the output of the bronchial fluid. Water constitutes 95% of the bronchial secretion and the water content considerably influences mucociliary function. An osmotic gradient, the result of active sodium and chloride ion transport across the bronchial epithelium, ensures on the one hand that water diffuses through epithelium on to the epithelial surface where it forms the serous sol layer in which the cilia beat. On the other hand water is probably transported in the same way across the mucosal glands where it mixes with the extremely hydrophilic mucus glycoproteins. The ion and water transport is influenced by drugs. Acetylcholine, histamine and terbutaline stimulate the ion and thereby water transport. Atropine, diphenylhydramine, an H1-antagonist, propranolol, a beta-blocker andfurosemide inhibit these transport mechanisms. Whether ketotifen, a new antihistaminic drug used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, will affect these processes, decreasing the water content of bronchial mucus, remains to be seen.

scholarly journals Reliable fault-tolerant model predictive control of drinking water transport networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deneb Robles ◽  
Vicenç Puig ◽  
Carlos Ocampo-Martinez ◽  
Luis E. Garza-Castañón
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Transport Networks

scholarly journals Silicon Nanomembrane Filtration and Imaging for the Evaluation of Microplastic Entrainment along a Municipal Water Delivery Route

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10655
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Madejski ◽  
S. Danial Ahmad ◽  
Jonathan Musgrave ◽  
Jonathan Flax ◽  
Joseph G. Madejski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Hydrophobic Polymers ◽  
Silicon Nanomembrane ◽  
Debris Transport ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Red Dye

To better understand the origin of microplastics in municipal drinking water, we evaluated 50 mL water samples from different stages of the City of Rochester’s drinking water production and transport route, from Hemlock Lake to the University of Rochester. We directly filtered samples using silicon nitride nanomembrane filters with precisely patterned slit-shaped pores, capturing many of the smallest particulates (<20 µm) that could be absorbed by the human body. We employed machine learning algorithms to quantify the shapes and quantity of debris at different stages of the water transport process, while automatically segregating out fibrous structures from particulate. Particulate concentrations ranged from 13 to 720 particles/mL at different stages of the water transport process and fibrous pollution ranged from 0.4 to 8.3 fibers/mL. A subset of the debris (0.2–8.6%) stained positively with Nile red dye which identifies them as hydrophobic polymers. Further spectroscopic analysis also indicated the presence of many non-plastic particulates, including rust, silicates, and calcium scale. While water leaving the Hemlock Lake facility is mostly devoid of debris, transport through many miles of piping results in the entrainment of a significant amount of debris, including plastics, although in-route reservoirs and end-stage filtration serve to reduce these concentrations.

The role of the nasal glands in the survival of ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) exposed to hypertonic saline drinking water

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Bradley ◽  
W. N. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nasal Glands

The supraorbital nasal glands were removed from the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 1 week before experimentation. When sham-operated birds were given hypertonic saline drinking water (282 mM NaCl, 6 mM KCl) for 70 h they maintained their body weights and remained in positive water balance. When the ducks lacking nasal glands were similarly treated they became severely dehydrated, lost body weight at the rate of 5.59 ± 1.1 g/h and showed significant increases in the plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl−, K+, and total osmotically active material. When the glandless birds were given hypertonic saline drinking water, the disparity between the measured plasma osmolality and the osmolality calculated on the basis of the Na+, Cl−, and K+ concentrations in plasma increased two-fold. No such change in disparity between the measured and calculated osmolalities of plasma in the sham-operated birds was observed. Forty-eight hours after their return to a diet containing fresh drinking water, the birds without nasal glands regained some of the body weight they had lost and the plasma electrolyte concentrations were restored towards normal. It is concluded that in the absence of nasal glands, the kidney alone is incapable of maintaining positive water balance in ducks fed hypertonic saline as their only source of drinking water.

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